Glossary of Terms

Software For The Open Enterprise™. Words, words, words. They're all here. Sorted and described for those who need to know.

Glossary A to Z

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.aot

In ZENworks Desktop Management, one of two file extensions (the other being .axt) denoting an Application object template file. The .aot file, generated by the snAppShot.

.axt

In ZENworks Desktop Management, one of two file extensions (the other being .aot) denoting an Application object template file. The .axt file, generated by the snAppShot utility, is a text file that can be edited with a text editor in order to modify the Application object template after it has been created.

.cab

A file extension denoting a "cabinet."

.cpk

In ZENworks Server Management, a file extension indicating a compiled Server Software Package, which means that the files and applications and their configurations have been compressed into one file for distribution.

.csv

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a file extension indicating that the file is in a comma-separated value format.

.exp

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a file extension denoting inventory configuration settings that have been saved so administrators can easily reload the settings to generate .csv files for inventory data export.

.fil

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a file extension denoting an application source file created by the snAppShot utility. During distribution of an application, Novell Application Launcher (NAL) uses the .fil files to install the application files.

.jar

In ZENworks, a file format that contains the class, image, and sound files for a Java applet gathered into a single file and compressed for faster downloading to a Web browser, a Novell ConsoleOne view, or Java applications.

.msi

In ZENworks, a file extension denoting an installation package created by the Microsoft Windows Installer application. ZENworks Desktop Management, through the use of Novell Application Launcher (NAL) and Microsoft Windows Installer, supports the distribution of MSI-based applications to workstations.

.mst

The file type extension for a Microsoft Windows Installer transform. A transform adds, deletes, or changes properties in a Microsoft Windows Installer (.msi) package to enable customization of the installation for different groups of users. ZENworks Desktop Management supports both MSI packages and transforms.

.pdb

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a file extension denoting a database file that can be downloaded to a Palm OS device.

.pnc

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a file extension denoting a configuration file that can be downloaded to a Palm OS device.

.pqa

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a file extension denoting a query application file that can be downloaded to a Palm OS device.

.prc

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a file extension denoting an application file that can be downloaded to a Palm OS device.

.scp

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a file extension denoting a configuration file that can be downloaded to a Palm OS device.

.spk

In ZENworks Server Management, a file extension indicating a software package that has not yet been compiled. The file contains all of the software package components and configuration information.

.str

In ZENworks Desktop Management and Server Management, a file extension denoting a scan data file.

@

Execute External Program

A NetWare login script command that executes an external program on a Windows 95 or Windows NT workstation.

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abend

ABnormal END

A serious software failure that halts (brings down) the server. Multitasking operating systems (like UNIX) allow other programs to continue running while only stopping the one causing trouble.

abort

To terminate a process before it is completed.

ABORT REMIRROR

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that stops the process of synchronizing data between logical disk partitions.

absolute path

Relating to file systems, the location of a directory or file that can be accessed regardless of the current working location of a user or program. Absolute paths are called that because they refer to the very specific location of a file, including the domain name. The absolute path to a Web element is also often referred to as the URL.

See also relative path; URL.

Accelerated Graphics Port

A high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a single device (generally a graphics card) to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Some motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP slots. (Also called Advanced Graphics Port.)

access

1. (verb) In software, to view, retrieve, or otherwise invoke objects, including files, properties, aliases, user lists, and file structures.

2. (noun) Permission granted to a user or group of users to perform various operations.

Access Control

Short for "Access Control right."

access control List

1. Extension of the conventional permission concept for files and directories. These allow a more fine-grained control of the access permissions.

2. In eDirectory, an optional, multivalued property of every object. The ACL lists the objects (trustees) that can access the object, along with their explicit rights assignments. Each value contains a complete object (trustee) name, an indication of the type of rights held by the trustee, the specific rights settings, and an indication of whether the rights are inheritable. Any inherited rights filters that have been set on this object are also included.

3. In Novell exteNd, the association of an access right with one or more principals. Called an ACL. You use ACLs to specify known users and groups that have a particular type of access to a particular element. See also Locksmith; principal.

4. In NetWare for SAA, a list of users or groups that have exclusive rights to a dedicated LU, OS/2 downstream PU, or LU pool.

5. In ZENworks OnDemand Services, an optional, multivalued property of every Novell eDirectory object. The ACL lists the objects (trustees) that can access the object, along with their explicit rights assignments.

Access Control right

A file system right that grants the ability to change the trustee assignments and inherited rights filter of a directory or file.

access permissions

1. Determine whether a user or group can read, write to, or execute a file or directory. They are set by the system administrator or the owner of a file.

2. In Linux, define to which user group a new user is assigned. The user receives permissions from the group assignment. The access permissions are generally set by the system administrator.

access rate

The data rate, in bits per second (bps), of the user access channel in a Frame Relay network. The speed of the access channel determines how fast (maximum rate) the end user can inject data into a Frame Relay network.

access right

A pairing of an element and a permission (for example, a document and the READ permission). In an access control list (ACL), access rights are associated with users and groups.

account

The username (or login name) and password that together define a user. An account corresponds to a user ID (UID).

account

See access permissions.

account balance

A value assigned by a NetWare network administrator, after installing Accounting services, to limit the amount of network services a user can use.

Account Balance

Short for "Account Balance property."

Accounting

A NetWare option that allows a network administrator to charge users for network resources and services by assigning each user an account balance. The account balance diminishes as the user uses the network. Five network resources or services can be controlled through Accounting:

Blocks read from server hard disks
Blocks written to server hard disks
Amount of time the user is logged in to the server
Amount of data stored on server hard disks
Number of requests serviced by the server

acknowledge

In telecommunications, a code sent by the destination station to the origination station. The code indicate that the destination station is ready to accept data or to acknowledge error-free receipt of data. In certain network protocols, ACK is the name of the field, frame, or packet that contains such a code. ACK is the mnemonic for the ACKnowledge character, ASCII code 6.

ACL

Access Control List

Extension of the conventional permission concept for files and directories.

ACL Rule object

An eDirectory object that has been configured to allow or limit access to an application in ZENworks OnDemand Services.

ACL-based security

The process of controlling access to parts of an application or to individual objects using access control lists (ACLs). The Security subsystem uses ACL-based security to control administrative access to subsystem objects. By default, a deployed exteNd Director project allows anyone to access security settings. To secure access, you first need to set a Locksmith user. The Content Management subsystem uses ACL-based security to restrict access to individual documents, folders, categories, and so on.

See also access control list; Locksmith; role-based security.

ACPI

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

An open industry specification co-developed by Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix, and Toshiba that establishes industry-standard interfaces for OS-directed configuration and power management on laptops, desktops, and servers.

See http://www.acpi.info/.

acronym

A word (such as GUI, DOS, or LAN) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term. In information technology, people tend to use the term "acronym" to refer to both acronyms and abbreviations (such as amt for amount).

You can look up the meanings of computer-related acronyms at TUCAA (The Ultimate Computer Acronyms Archive).

You might also enjoy the Jargon File .

action

A reusable JavaBean class with a doAction() method that sets values in the rule context. The component that fires a rule queries the rule context to get the values the action sets. An action can have properties whose values you set in the Rule Editor. exteNd Director supplies an installed set of general-purpose conditions and actions. You can also code your own custom actions.

See also condition; rule.

Active Directory

An advanced, hierarchical directory service that is an integral part of the Microsoft Windows 2000 architecture. It is LDAP-compliant and built on the Internet.

active hub

A device that amplifies transmission signals in network topologies. Active hubs are used to add workstations to a network or to extend the cable distance between stations and the server.

ActiveSync

In ZENworks Handheld Management, third-party synchronization software that transfers data between the ZENworks Handheld Management Desktop Sync and a Windows CE handheld device.

activity

In pageflow and workflow processes, an object that represents a task or step. There are several types of activities:

Presentation activities
Database activities
System activities
Directive activities

You can set properties to control the way an activity works. You can also program custom activities to provide new functionality.

ad-hoc network

Also called Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Describes an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over bandwidth-constrained wireless links for a wide range of purposes such as establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks.

Such network scenarios cannot rely on centralized and organized connectivity, and can be conceived as applications of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

(See the official charter of IETF working group on MANET at http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html.)

Adaptive Quality of Service

A feature of the Novell Multimedia Server component that adjusts the required bandwidth for multimedia features depending on the network conditions. It regulates the multimedia data being transferred to the workstation so that the congestion in the network minimally affects the performance of the multimedia files being played from the Multimedia Server.

Add Self right

A property right that grants a trustee the right to add or remove itself as a value of the property. This right is used only for properties that contain object names as values, such as lists of group members or mailing lists.

add-on image

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an archived collection of files that will be applied to an existing Windows installation on a target computer. The existing partitions and files on the target computer are left intact, except for any files that the add-on image might update.

additive group policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, settings from multiple Windows Group policies are cumulatively effective, rather than individually. Settings from multiple Windows Group policies can affect users and workstations. Policies start with the local Windows Group policy settings and are applied in reverse of the policy search order. This means that a setting in a policy applied first has lowest priority and its value is overwritten by any other policy with the same setting.

address

1. Short for "email address."

2. In GroupWise, a unique identifier that specifies the email location of a user, resource, group, or distribution list, in order to facilitate the delivery of electronic messages. Address components include the Internet domain if one has been assigned, and the GroupWise domain, post office, and user ID.

3. A value that uniquely identifies and specifies the location of an element in a computer or computer network. For example, a location in memory or disk storage, a network or portion of a network, or a station or other device on a network.

Address and Control Field compression

In frame relay, the process of eliminating the All Stations Address and the Unnumbered Information fields from high-level data link control (HDLC) framing, on a per-data-link basis, so that unneeded overhead is reduced when low-bandwidth links are used.

address field

1. In GroupWise, the field in an item where you type or place usernames or IDs.

2. In NetWare, a frame field specifying a physical address in a LAN topology. It is comprised of the control and management fields, specifying the virtual circuit numbering or Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI), the flow control and the frame discard eligibility (DE).

address resolution cache

An area of software memory that contains entries that map the IP address to the physical address.

Address Resolution Protocol

A protocol in the Internet Protocol (IP) suite that enables a host to find the media access control (MAC) address of a target host on the same physical network when it knows only the target's IP address. ARP dynamically maps Internet addresses to MAC (hardware) addresses on local networks. It is limited to networks that support hardware broadcast.

To create entries, the ARP broadcasts a request with the target's IP address. The target responds with its physical address. After the network board adds the physical address to its ARP table, it can then send packets to the target.

adjacency

The record that a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) router keeps about the state of its connection with a neighbor and about the attributes of that neighbor.

adjacent node

A node connected to another node without intervening nodes.

ADM

In ZENworks, a legacy Microsoft policy editor (POLEDIT) template. Can be imported into Novell ConsoleOne and used to create User or Workstation extensible policies. Newer ADM templates can be imported into Group Policies and deployed in that manner.

administrator

The person who sets up a server, creates user login accounts and passwords, creates groups, sets security, and maintains the server.

AdminStudio ZENworks Edition

The software that enables you to manage Microsoft Windows Installer (MSI) packages, including the ability to convert legacy-based installs, ZENworks AOT packages, and ZENworks AXT packages to MSI packages; customize MSI packages for your organization's varying needs; and automate creation of directory objects used for management and distribution of the MSI package.

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Delivers and receives information on current telephone lines at higher bandwidth speeds.

ADSP

AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol

A symmetric, connection-oriented AppleTalk protocol that provides reliable, full-duplex, byte-stream service between sockets. It guarantees that data bytes are delivered in the same order as they were sent, and that they are free of duplicates.

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

An open industry specification co-developed by Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix, and Toshiba that establishes industry-standard interfaces for OS-directed configuration and power management on laptops, desktops, and servers.

See http://www.acpi.info/.

Advanced Graphics Port

Advanced Interactive Executive

An IBM version of the UNIX operating system.

advanced peer-to-peer networking

A variant of Systems Network Architecture (SNA) that allows network nodes to exchange topology information dynamically, which leads to simplified parameter definitions.

Advanced Power Management

Advanced Power Management or APM is the name given to the component in some operating systems (such as Windows 95) that works with the BIOS to control the power management features of the PC. For example, APM allows you to set parameters in the operating system to control when various power management features will be activated.

The Linux APM Daemon is an advanced power management (APM) daemon and works in conjunction with the APM BIOS driver in the kernel. It can execute a command when certain events are reported by the driver.

Most uses of this daemon will use the proxy command to support power conservation activities. This command is searched for in "/etc/apmd/apmd_proxy" and is invoked with one or two arguments.

See http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/startupman/linux_suapmd.html.

Advanced Program-to-Program Communications

A part of the Systems Network Architecture (SNA) protocol. APPC establishes the conditions that enable programs to communicate across the network. This capability, involving LU 6.2 and its associated protocols, allows two or more processes in an SNA network to communicate without involving a common host system or terminal emulation.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

The packet-switched internetwork created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the early 1970s. ARPANET later evolved into the Internet.

Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), is a standard interface for connecting storage devices such as hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers. It is referred to in many ways, including abbreviations such as IDE, ATAPI, and UDMA. ATA standards only allow cable lengths in the range of 18 to 36 inches, so it is normally used as an internal computer storage interface. It is the most common and the least expensive interface for this application.

Advanced Trending Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, an application that gathers and stores the trend data (historic data) for any parameter instrumented by an SNMP agent, if it is defined by a MIB variable and not just pre-configured MIB variables.

advertising

The process by which devices or services on a network inform other devices on the network of their existence. NetWare uses the Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to do this.

AFP

AppleTalk Filing Protocol

An AppleTalk protocol that provides the rules for communication and data transmission between file servers and clients in an AppleShare network.

AFP server

AppleTalk Filing Protocol server

A server that enables workstations to share files and programs using the AppleTalk protocol.

AFP Server

Short for "AFP Server object."

AFP Server object

A leaf object in the eDirectory tree that represents an AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) server. The AFP server enables workstations to share files and programs using the AppleTalk protocol.

Agent

SIF-enabled software that interfaces with an application on one side and a Zone Integration Server on the other side. The Agent is used to make the application.

See also SIF.

Agent-Initiated Connection

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a feature that allows users on the managed workstations or servers to request the remote operators to remotely manage the machines and to troubleshoot problems.

AGP

Accelerated Graphics Port or Advanced Graphics Port

A high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a single device (generally a graphics card) to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Some motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP slots.

AIO

asynchronous I/O; asynchronous input/output

In NetWare, an I/O model in which processing overlaps input and output. This data transmission method uses start bits and stop bits to coordinate the flow of data so that the time intervals between individual characters do not need to be equal. Parity can be enabled to check the accuracy of the transmission.

AIOPAD

Asynchronous Input/Output Packet Assembler/Disassembler

In NetWare, a module that provides an AIO interface to an X.25 driver. It assembles data for asynchronous transmission using a synchronous protocol and then disassembles the data that has been transmitted. Using this module, remote workstations attached to a network can dial out to host computers and can dial in to network resources.

AIOTSM

Asynchronous Input/Output Topology Support Module
An NLM that provides the interface between AIO and ISDN drivers.

AIX

Advanced Interactive Executive

An IBM version of the UNIX operating system.

alarm

1. An audible signal from the computer to notify the user of the condition it was configured to specify. For example, an alarm can warn a user of an error condition, or it can notify the user that a certain program is being started or shut down.

2. A record of a network event that is specific to remote access. The record is logged in a database.

alarm disposition

In ZENworks Server Management, configuration of the Alarm Management System to set the characteristics for each type of SNMP trap or proprietary alarm. The functions include launching applications, sending email notification, and forwarding SNMP traps to other network management systems.

Alarm Management System

In ZENworks Server Management, the component that alerts administrators to important events such as the SNMP traps, threshold alarms, network discovery events, and ping and connectivity testing faults occurring on the network. AMS provides a centralized location for processing and viewing the events and alarms generated by devices and systems throughout the network.

Alarm Monitor

A real-time display of all alarms that are specific to remote access.

Alarm Report

A display of all alarms that are specific to remote access and that have been logged to the database.

alarms

In ZENworks, events such as SNMP traps, alerts indicating when a threshold is exceeded, and ping and connectivity testing faults are forwarded to ConsoleOne, which subscribes to the alarm.

Alarms Purge

In ZENworks Server Management, a utility provided by the Alarm Management System (AMS) for automatic deletion of alarms.

alarms view

In ZENworks Server Management, the screen display used for alarm information in ConsoleOne, including the Active Alarm view, Alarm History view, and Alarm Summary view.

algorithm

A procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, frequently involving repetition of an operation, as by a computer. Compressing data and creating lists of random numbers are examples of algorithms.

alias

1. An alternative name assigned to a system, a program, an electronic mail address, or another object.

2. In an operating system, a name, usually short and easy to remember and type, that is translated into another name or string, usually long and difficult to remember or type. Most command interpreters (e.g. UNIX's csh) allow the user to define aliases for commands, e.g. "alias l ls -al". These are loaded into memory when the interpreter starts and are expanded without needing to refer to any file.

3. In networking, one of several alternative hostnames with the same Internet address. For example, in the UNIX hosts database (/etc/hosts or NIS map), the first field on a line is the Internet address, and the next is the official hostname (the "canonical name" or "CNAME"). Any others are aliases.

4. Used with hostnames, often indicates that the host with that alias provides a particular network service such as archie, finger, FTP, or World Wide Web. The assignment of services to computers can then be changed simply by moving an alias from one Internet address to another, without the clients needing to be aware of the change.

5. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a named electronic mail address in Mailer for mailing to a group of users. By creating an alias for a group of users, you can type one name instead of each individual name to send electronic mail messages to the group.

Alias

Short for "Alias object."

Alias object

An eDirectory object that points to another object at a different location in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree. An Alias object allows a user to access an object outside of the user's normal working context.

All Properties

Short for "All Properties rights."

All Properties rights

In NetWare, a type of rights assignment that applies to all the properties of an object. A specific (individual) property rights assignment overrides an All Properties rights assignment, but only for the specific property. The All Properties rights assignment still applies to all the other properties.

American National Standards Institute

The organization that sets the standards for many technical fields and provides the most common standard for computer terminals.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Character set and code described by the America National Standard Code for Information Interchange. Each ASCII character is encoded with seven bits. ASCII consists of both control and printable characters. These characters are the same as the first 128 characters of the ANSI character set.

The Extended ASCII Character Set consists of 128 decimal numbers and ranges from 128 through 255, representing additional special, mathematical, graphic, and international characters --the elements vary with different computer manufacturers and with different languages.

On this page you can look up ASCII characters and descriptions.

AMS

Alarm Management System

In ZENworks Server Management, the component that alerts administrators to important events such as the SNMP traps, threshold alarms, network discovery events, and ping and connectivity testing faults occurring on the network. AMS provides a centralized location for processing and viewing the events and alarms generated by devices and systems throughout the network.

Annex D

An implementation standard (ANSI T1.617) that addresses signaling and other network management functions.

Anonymous FTP

A type of file transfer protocol. It allows website visitors to download information from a website without entering a username and password. Regular FTP, in contrast, requires a username and password. Anonymous FTP is useful if you plan to distribute software, images, PDF documents, or other types of files to your website visitors.

Anonymous FTP allows the public to log in to an FTP server with a common login (usually "ftp" or "anonymous") and any password (usually the person's email address is used as the password). Anonymous FTP is beneficial for the distribution of large files to the public, avoiding the need to assign large numbers of login and password combinations for FTP access.

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

The organization that sets the standards for many technical fields and provides the most common standard for computer terminals.

AOLserver

America Online's open source web server. AOLserver is multithreaded, Tcl-enabled, and used for large-scale, dynamic web sites.

Apache Web Server

An open source HTTP web server. Apache runs on all major platforms and is capable of hosting even the most complex Web sites and can scale to handle thousands of simultaneous connections.

For information on how to install, configure, and manage the Apache Web Server on NetWare using Apache Manager, click here.

API

application programming interface

A set of functions, procedures, values, or other defined interface standards that an application uses to request and carry out services performed by another program or by an operating system. A single API typically specifies how input should be requested and obtained, and how output should be done.

applet

1. A small application that performs a specific task.

2. Short for "Java applet": small Java programs that are application-oriented rather than server-oriented. Java applets can be embedded in an HTML page and executed by a browser without waiting for server processing. This means that Java applets are particularly useful for processing intensive or time-sensitive elements of a Web page, such as multimedia, animation, or user-interactive forms.

AppleTalk

A networking protocol developed by Apple Computer for communication between Apple Computer products and other computers. This protocol is independent of the network layer on which it runs.

AppleTalk console

A diagnostic console utility that provides access to statistics and information about the status of various components of the AppleTalk protocol. ATCON uses SNMP to access this information from the local system.

AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol

A symmetric, connection-oriented Apple Talk protocol that provides full-duplex, byte-stream service between sockets. It guarantees that data bytes are delivered in the same order as they were sent and that they are free of duplicates.

AppleTalk Filing Protocol

An AppleTalk protocol that provides the rules for communication and data transmission between file servers and clients in an AppleShare network.

AppleTalk network

A collection of connected, individually controlled computers, printers, and other devices, together with the hardware and AppleTalk software used to link them.

AppleTalk NLM

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that combines the AppleTalk Phase 2 protocol stack and Phase 2 router for NetWare for Macintosh and the NetWare AppleTalk Support Package.

AppleTalk Phase 2

A version of the AppleTalk protocols introduced in 1989 to provide support for AppleTalk networks with thousands of nodes, for multiple AppleTalk zones on a network, and for token ring. AppleTalk Phase 2 also provides support for cabling for more efficient routing techniques that improve performance in multiprotocol environments.

AppleTalk Print Services NLM

The NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables Macintosh clients to print to NetWare queues and enables non-Macintosh clients to print to AppleTalk printers.

AppleTalk Remote Access

Software that enables remote Macintosh computers to communicate with AppleTalk networks over standard telephone lines.

AppleTalk Remote Access Service

A service that provides the software that enables remote Macintosh computers to communicate with AppleTalk networks over standard telephone lines.

ARAS supports remote Macintosh clients using Apples ARA 1.0 or ARA 2.0. The Macintosh clients dial in to become remote nodes on the network.

AppleTalk stack

Short for "AppleTalk protocol stack": a suite of AppleTalk Phase 2 protocols in appletlk.nlm that handles the transmission and receipt of packets, in order to enable Macintosh users to use NetWare file and print services.

AppleTalk Transaction Protocol

An AppleTalk connection-oriented protocol that adds reliability to lower-layer services by providing loss-free delivery of packets from a source socket to a destination socket.

AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol

An AppleTalk routing protocol that operates the same as the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) but sends updates only when a change occurs on the network.

The principal features of AURP are AppleTalk tunneling in TCP/IP, which enables two AppleTalk networks to be connected through a TCP/IP network.

Update-based routing through tunnels, reduces the amount of bandwidth by sending updates to peer routers only when network routing information changes, rather than sending periodic broadcasts of the routing table.

appliance

A computer or other piece of hardware that is dedicated to a specialized task or set of tasks. Often, additional functionality is limited or prohibited. For example, a server appliance is a computer that is dedicated to being a specific type of server. This server appliance might have a specific function such as storage. Depending on how the appliance was configured, additional functions such as printing or users' accounts management might not be controlled from this appliance.

See also soft appliance.

application

A program (or set of programs) that makes calls to the operating system and manipulates data files, allowing a user to perform a specific job (such as accounting, networking, sending email, etc.).

Application Browser

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Web browser view similar to the Application Window and the Application Explorer window.

The primary purpose of the Application Browser is to provide applications in a Web browser environment. You can enable users to launch the Application Browser independently, or you can integrate it into a Web portal, such as Novell Portal Services or Novell exteNd Director, so that your applications are presented alongside Web content you've made available to users.

application dependency

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a requirement that a second application be distributed and run before the first application can run.

For example, if Application A has a dependency on Application B and a user launches Application A, Novell Application Launcher (NAL) distributes Application B (if necessary) and launches it before launching Application A. If Application B fails to distribute or launch, Application A does not launch.

Application Explorer

In ZENworks Desktop Management, one of three Novell Application Launcher (NAL) views. Application Explorer (nalview.exe) integrates with Microsoft Windows Explorer to make applications available through a standalone window, similar to the Application Window, and from the Windows desktop, the Start menu, the system tray, and the Quick Launch bar.

Application Explorer window

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a standalone window similar to the Application Window, in which applications can be displayed when using Application Explorer.

Application Launcher

Novell Application Launcher (NAL)

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the user workstation software that displays applications and performs various application management functions such as installing, uninstalling, and caching applications. NAL consists of three different user views, the engine application, a Windows service, and a Workstation Manager plug-in.

Application Launcher Service for Windows

NAL Service, NAL NT Service

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Windows service (nalntsrv.exe) that runs in the workstation's system space to enable NAL to install, uninstall, cache, and run applications when the user does not have the required workstation file system access or when an application has been configured to run in the system space rather than the user space.

Application Launcher Workstation Helper

NAL Workstation Helper

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the user workstation software that plugs in to Workstation Manager and enables workstation-associated applications to be installed, uninstalled, cached, and run. This allows for application management based on the workstation rather than on a user logged in to the workstation.

application layer

In the OSI and TCP/IP network architecture reference models, the topmost network layer, responsible for giving applications access to the network.

Application object

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, an eDirectory object used to control user access to an application and to configure the distribution and launch (as well as all other management aspects) of the application.

2. In ZENworks Handheld Management, an eDirectory object used to distribute collections of files (applications or content) to be copied to handheld devices. Handheld Application objects usually consist of applications to install on handheld devices, for example, .prc files (for Palm* OS* devices), .cab files (for Windows CE devices), and .alx, .ali, and .dll files (for BlackBerry&z-3rdParty; devices).

Application object class

A Novell Directory Services (NDS) object class representing an application, for example, Application (DOS), Application (Windows 3.x), Application (Windows 95), and Application (Windows NT).

Application object macro

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a macro that has been defined for use with an Application object. The macro is simply a variable with an assigned value. The macro can then be used in various Application object fields to define the field value.

Application object template

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a file that can be used to create an Application object in eDirectory. The file, generated by the snAppShot utility, contains configuration information used to populate the Application object fields. The file is identified by either an .aot or .axt extension.

application package

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, applications that have been grouped together into a Package object so they can be made available to users, and so that costs and usage can be tracked, reported, and billed.

application programming interface

A set of functions, procedures, values, or other defined interface standards that an application uses to request and carry out services performed by another program or by an operating system. A single API typically specifies how input should be requested and obtained, and how output should be done.

Application Search policy

ZENworks Handheld Management Application Search policy

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy used to minimize tree walking by specifying how far up the tree Handheld Management will search for Handheld Application objects. This policy is contained in the Container package.

application WAR

A WAR (Web ARchive) that contains the custom functionality of your application.

Application Window

In ZENworks Desktop Management, one of three Novell Application Launcher (NAL) views. The Application Window (nalwin.exe) is a standalone desktop window from which applications can be viewed and launched.

APPN

Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking
A variant of IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) that allows network nodes to exchange topology information dynamically, which leads to simplified parameter definitions.

Approval gadget

OD_ApprovalGadget.

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, an OnDemand Services gadget used to approve or deny user requests for application packages.

AR

1. access rate: The maximum data rate of an access channel, in bits per second (bps), usually referring to network access.

2. address register.

ARA

AppleTalk Remote Access

Software that enables remote Macintosh computers to communicate with AppleTalk networks over standard telephone lines.

ARAS

Appletalk Remote Access Service

A service that provides the software that enables remote Macintosh computers to communicate with AppleTalk networks over standard telephone lines. ARAS supports remote Macintosh clients using Apple's ARA 1.0 or ARA 2.0. The Macintosh clients dial in to become remote nodes on the network.

architecture

The overall design or structure of a computer system, including the hardware and the software required to run it, especially the internal structure of the microprocessor.

Archive Needed

Short for "Archive Needed attribute."

Archive Needed attribute

A file system attribute indicating that the file has been changed since the last time it was backed up. NetWare sets this attribute when the file is modified, and clears it when the file is backed up. It is shown in attribute listings but can't be set by users.

area

1. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a selected portion of the drawing pane in the Icon Editor primary window.

2. routing area: An administrative domain of connected IPX networks with the same area address. Users in a routing area have network-layer access to the same services.

area address

The area network number and mask that together define a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) routing area.

area boundary router

A type of router that attaches an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) area to the backbone area. An area boundary router has at least one interface in an OSPF area and one interface in the backbone area.

area mask

A 32-bit hexadecimal number that indicates how much of an area network number identifies a routing area, and how much identifies a network within the routing area. A typical area mask is FFFFFF00.

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol

A protocol in the Internet Protocol (IP) suite that enables a host to find the media access control (MAC) address of a target host on the same physical network when it knows only the target's IP address. ARP dynamically maps Internet addresses to MAC (hardware) addresses on local networks. It is limited to networks that support hardware broadcast. To create entries, the ARP broadcasts a request with the target's IP address. The target responds with its physical address. After the network board adds the physical address to its ARP table, it can then send packets to the target.

ARPANET

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

The packet-switched internetwork created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the early 1970s. ARPANET was the forerunner of the Internet. ARPANET was designed to be a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack.

ARPANET's founders designed it so that authority was distributed over a large number of geographically dispersed computers. This concept of a computer network with distributed authority is also the basis of the Internet. Theoretically, if 90% of the Internet were destroyed by nuclear attack, the remaining servers would be able to continue on.

AS

autonomous system

A collection of routers and networks that exchange routing information using a routing protocol, such as RIP or OSPF.

ASBR

autonomous system boundary router

A router that exchanges routing information with routers from other autonomous systems, from exterior gateway protocols, or from other routing protocols (such as RIP). By amassing information about external links, ASBRs can distribute routing information to the autonomous system (AS) about external destinations. ASBRs can be internal routers or area boundary routers and are not required to participate in the backbone area.

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Character set and code described by the America National Standard Code for Information Interchange. Each ASCII character is encoded with seven bits. ASCII consists of both control and printable characters. These characters are the same as the first 128 characters of the ANSI character set.

The Extended ASCII Character Set consists of 128 decimal numbers and ranges from 128 through 255, representing additional special, mathematical, graphic, and international characters --the elements vary with different computer manufacturers and with different languages.

On this page you can look up ASCII characters and descriptions.

Assign Ownership

An option on the Novell Storage Services (NSS) Administration menu that provides a way for a consumer to take storage free space from the NSS object bank and claim it for NSS storage group and NSS volume creation.

Assistant

A tool that guides a user through a series of steps, usually to configure or set up a program. Equivalent to Wizard and Druid.

association

1. A functional connection between an element and a data object or an action object. For example, if an icon and an action are associated, clicking the icon invokes the action associated with it.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, a link between a user/workstation and an application/policy that enables the application to be available to the user or workstation or the policy to be applied to the user or workstation.

3. In ZENworks Server Management, an action within an eDirectory object's property page that allows policies to be applied to a ZENworks Distributor object. Subscriber objects must receive their polices through Policy Package Distributions.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Delivers and receives information on current telephone lines at higher bandwidth speeds.

asynchronous

Describes a data transmission method in which each character is synchronized individually, usually by means of start and stop elements. The gap between each character is not a fixed length.

asynchronous input/output

AIO, asynchronous I/O

An I/O model in which processing overlaps input and output. This data transmission method uses start bits and stop bits to coordinate the flow of data so that the time intervals between individual characters do not need to be equal. Parity can be enabled to check the accuracy of the transmission.

Asynchronous Input/Output Packet Assembler/Disassembler

In NetWare, a module that provides an AIO interface to an X.25 driver. It assembles data for asynchronous transmission using a synchronous protocol and then disassembles the data that has been transmitted. Using this module, remote workstations attached to a network can dial out to host computers and can dial in to network resources.

Asynchronous Input/Output Topology Support Module

An NLM that provides the interface between AIO and ISDN drivers.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A network technology based on transferring data in cells or packets of a fixed size. The cell used with ATM is relatively small compared to units used with older technologies. The small, constant cell size allows ATM equipment to transmit video, audio, and computer data over the same network, and assure that no single type of data hogs the line.

ATAPI

Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface

A type of CD-ROM drive that is connected to an (E)IDE controller. Apart from ATAPI drives, there are SCSI CD-ROM drives, handled by a SCSI controller, and proprietary CD-ROM drives that use their own controller or are connected to a sound card.

ATCON

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that allows a network administrator to monitor the activity of and see other information about the server's AppleTalk stack and router It also allows the administrator to see information about other AppleTalk networks on the internetwork.

atlas

In ZENworks Server Management, a graphical display of information within ConsoleOne, showing discovered network topology, node configuration information, and alarm information. Also called a map.

Atlas Manager

In ZENworks Server Management, discovery software that creates a system atlas and provides a graphical view of the database in ConsoleOne.

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A network technology based on transferring data in cells or packets of a fixed size. The cell used with ATM is relatively small compared to units used with older technologies. The small, constant cell size allows ATM equipment to transmit video, audio, and computer data over the same network, and assure that no single type of data hogs the line.

atomic

In computer processing, being indivisible. For example, an atomic action is an action that has no intermediate condition between initiation and completion.

atomic clock

A highly accurate clock that regulates its time by the vibration frequency of atoms or molecules.

ATP

AppleTalk Transaction Protocol

An AppleTalk connection-oriented protocol that adds reliability to lower-layer services by providing loss-free delivery of packets from a source socket to a destination socket.

ATPS

AppleTalk Print Services

The NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables Macintosh clients to print to NetWare queues, and non-Macintosh clients to print to AppleTalk printers.

attach

1. In GroupWise, to encapsulate an object, such as an image, data, or executable file, within an electronic mail message.

2. In NetWare, to establish a connection between a workstation and a NetWare server. The server assigns each client a connection number and attaches each to the server's login directory. For Macintosh clients, this restricts the user to viewing server resources without connecting to the server.

ATTACH

The login script command that authenticates users to additional servers. The format for this command is ATTACH [server[/username[;password]]]

attachment

In the exteNd Content Management subsystem, a document that can be associated with one or more parent documents. An example of an attachment is a GIF image of a corporate logo that must be attached to all white papers submitted to a portal Web site by a particular company.

attachment

Any file sent with an e-mail. Attachments can be embedded in a message or appended to it.

attribute

1. In the NetWare file system, any of the characteristics assigned to directories and files that dictate what can be done with the directories or files. Attributes include the following:
Archive Needed (A)
Can't Compress (Cc)
Compressed (Co)
Copy Inhibit (Ci)
Delete Inhibit (Di)
Don't Compress (Dc)
Don't Migrate (Dm)
Don't Suballocate (Ds)
Execute Only (X)
Hidden (H)
Immediate Compress (Ic)
Indexed (I)
Migrated (M)
Normal (N)
Purge (P)
Read Only (Ro)
Read Write (Rw)
Rename Inhibit (R)
Shareable (S)
System (Sy)
Transactional (T)

2. In the ZENworks Desktop SNMP Services interface, a part of an abstract object that describes one aspect of the object. For example, in a table listing system management contacts, one attribute might describe a contact's last name.

3. In eDirectory, a property belonging to a class. An attribute consists of a type identifier together with one or more values. Also known as a property.

4. In GroupWise, the elements that determine the appearance of a character (for example, bold, italic, Times New Roman, 10-point) or a graphic (for example, fill, line width, background color).

audit

1. To examine and verify records.

2. In the Product Life Cycle (PLC) process, a methodology used to do an assessment. This method examines a representative sample of documents in determining whether the organization complies with a defined standard.

audit file

A system log created when auditing is enabled at the volume or Directory Services container level. At the volume level, the audit file stores a record of all audited transactions; at the Directory Services level, the audit file also stores all activities performed by the auditor. Also called "audit data file."

Audit File object

An eDirectory leaf object that represents an audit trail's log of events associated with a container, workstation, or volume. The Audit File object can have access to various objects in an eDirectory tree through properties assigned to those objects. For example, a container object that is audited has an Audit File Link property pointing to the Audit File object.

The Audit File object is created by an auditing program and can be viewed using NetWare Administrator.

auditing

In NetWare, the collecting and examining of records to make sure that the server's resources are protected by the server Trusted Computing Base (TCB).

AURP

AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol

An AppleTalk routing protocol that operates the same as the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), but sends updates only when a change occurs on the network.

authentication

The process of identifying an individual, usually based on a username and password.

In security systems, authentication is distinct from authorization, which is the process of giving individuals access to system objects based on their identity. Authentication merely ensures that the individual is who he or she claims to be, but says nothing about the access rights of the individual.

Authentication in the Novell eDirectory full service directory allows for both anonymous and user-specific access.

For more information, see this page.

authentication database

A list of valid remote system IDs or associated data terminal equipment (DTE) addresses and a password. Each entry represents a valid partner that can communicate with a given interface.

Authentication Store

Various Login Method Object or User objects.

authoritative

Describes Domain Name Service (DNS) data that is served by either the primary or secondary resident DNS server. Authoritative DNS data belongs to a resident domain and is managed by the administrator of that domain, or it is DNS data that is imported through a zone transfer.

authorization

The process by which a principal's access to application resources is determined. In an exteNd Director application, authorization is performed by verifying that the principal has sufficient permission to perform the requested operation.

authorization system

Provides access authorization for file objects in Novell Storage Services (NSS). The NSS system is designed such that the authorization system is modular. NSS is shipped with a default traditional NetWare trustee-based authorization system.

Auto mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode where a computer is imaged automatically, based on any applicable eDirectory policies and settings. Also called auto-imaging.

auto-imaging

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode where a computer is imaged automatically, based on any applicable eDirectory policies and settings. Also called Auto mode.

AutoAdminLogon

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an automated logon process that can be configured for selected Windows NT/2000/XP users by using the Windows Registry Editor (regedit.exe) to enter user ID and password credentials in the Registry. The result for the user is immediate access to the desktop and network resources without the need to pause to enter logon information.

autoexec.bat

A batch file that, if present in the root directory of a DOS computer, executes automatically when DOS or OS/2 is booted.

autoexec.ncf

A NetWare server executable batch file, located on the NetWare partition of the server's hard disk, used to load modules and set the NetWare operating system configuration.

automated hot replacement

In PCI Hot Plug technology, the process of removing a failed PCI adapter and inserting an identical adapter without removing power to the server and without reconfiguring or reloading software support.

Automatic Application Update

In ZENworks Handheld Management, recurring software distributions where ZENworks Handheld Management automatically scans the application.

Automatic Client Upgrade

A group of three utilities that provides a way to automatically upgrade systems using VLM, NETx, or Client 32 software to newer Novell Client software. The three utilities are NWDETECT, NWSTAMP, and NWLOG.

ACU is executed as a series of instructions that the network administrator has put in a login script. The client is then seamlessly and silently upgraded at login time.

automatic flow control

A means of controlling the flow of data across a virtual circuit. This is done by setting the window size and the packet size. Automatic flow control can be negotiated in each direction on a per-call basis.

automatic indexing

A pre-downloading procedure that allows Novell Evolution to quickly refer to data. It enables faster searches and decreases memory usage for data displays.

automatic rollback

A feature of the Transaction Tracking System (TTS) that returns a database to its original state. When a network running under TTS fails during a transaction, the database is "rolled back" to its most recent complete state.

Automatic Workstation Import

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a component that allows administrators to create Workstation objects and use them to manage the workstation by pushing software and computer settings from eDirectory to the workstation.

Automatic Workstation Removal

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a component that removes obsolete workstation data from the directory and from the Inventory database.

automount

A Linux/UNIX command. The automount program is used to configure a mount point for autofs, the inlined Linux automounter. Automount works by taking a base mount-point and map file, and using these (combined with other options) to automatically mount filesystems within the base mount-point when they are accessed in any way. The filesystems are then auto-unmounted after a period of inactivity.

autonomous system

A collection of routers and networks that exchange routing information using a routing protocol, such as RIP or OSPF.

autonomous system boundary router

A router that exchanges routing information with routers from other autonomous systems, from exterior gateway protocols, or from other routing protocols (such as RIP). By amassing information about external links, ASBRs can distribute routing information to the autonomous system (AS) about external destinations. ASBRs can be internal routers or area boundary routers and are not required to participate in the backbone area.

B top

B-tree

Abbreviation for "balanced tree."

A compact structure that allows the Novell Storage Services (NSS) system to retrieve an object from disk in no more than four I/O cycles. B-trees also allow the system to locate an object anywhere in storage without loading the entire directory entry table (DET) into memory.

backbone

The central part of a network, which carries the heaviest traffic, transmits at the fastest rate, and connects smaller networks that have lower data-transfer rates.

backbone network

The primary connectivity mechanism of a hierarchical distributed system. It ensures that all systems that have connectivity to an intermediate system on the backbone have connectivity to one another.

background process

In Linux/UNIX, a process that runs without monopolizing the shell. A command that initiates a background process is referred to as a background command or a command run in the background. To run a command in the background, append a space and ampersand (&) to the end of the command.

backlink

1. In NetWare, a pointer to a Novell Directory Services (NDS) object on another server. A backlink indicates that an object in a replica has an ID on a server where the replica doesn't exist. Also, the NDS process that verifies backlinks.

2. backward link: On the Internet, a hypertext link from the current page back to any page containing a link to the current page.

backup

(verb) To copy files to a second medium (a disk or tape) as a precaution in case the first medium fails.

(noun) A copy of data (file, directory, volume), copied to a storage device (floppy diskette, cartridge tape, hard disk). A backup can be retrieved and restored if the original is corrupted or destroyed.

backup host

A NetWare server that has a storage device and a storage device controller attached.

backward compatible

A system that is compatible with (e.g. can share data with) earlier versions of itself, or with other earlier systems, particularly systems it intends to supplant.

A new version of a program is said to be backward compatible if it can use files and data created with an older version of the same program. A backward-compatible word processor, for instance, allows you to edit documents created with a previous version of the program.

Backward Explicit Congestion Notification

The notification from the frame relay network to indicate that the network experienced congestion when the packet forwarding direction was reversed.

backward link

On the Internet, a hypertext link from the current page back to any page containing a link to the current page.

bandwidth

Maximum transfer rate of a channel for data transmission. Usually used with network connections.

The carrying capacity of a circuit, usually measured in bits per second (bps) for digital circuits, or hertz (Hz) for analog circuits.

bandwidth-on-demand

In frame relay, the capacity in an individual virtual circuit to burst above the committed information rate (CIR); also known as dynamic allocation of bandwidth.

banner

In online presentations such as a menu utility, a browser window, or online help, information about the online presentation, which could include such data as software name, date and time, title or current context, or version number.

banner page

1. The first page of a print job that supplies information about a print job, such as the name of the user who initiated the job, and the time and date of printing.

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a field in the Print dialog box for specifying the text that is sent to the print command to be used as the title of the print job.

base image

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an image of the base Windows operating system prepared to replace the contents of the target computer's hard disk. Also called the workstation image.

base servlet

See portal controller servlet.

bash

The GNU version of the standard shell (the Bourne-Again shell). This is the Linux shell used in the ZENworks Desktop Management imaging environment.

Basic Input Output System

The built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions.

The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also allows a computer to boot itself.

batch file

An executable file containing a sequence of several commands that are carried out in turn when the file is run. A DOS batch file has a .bat extension.

baud rate

In serial communication, the speed at which a signal changes when data is transmitted asynchronously from one digital device to another, such as over a modem or between a computer and printer.

Bc

committed burst size

The maximum number of data bits that a network agrees to transfer under typical conditions over a measured time interval.

Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy)

Blind copy recipients (Bcc) receive a copy of an item. Other recipients receive no information about blind copies. Only the sender and the blind copy recipient know that a blind copy was sent. If a recipient replies and chooses Reply to All, the blind copy recipient does not receive the reply.

BCUG

bilateral closed user group

A virtual private network, consisting of two data terminals, within a larger open network. The pair of terminals are configured to share unrestricted access with each other, but access to or by any other data terminal in the open network is not possible.

Be

excess burst size

The maximum number of uncommitted data bits that the network attempts to deliver over a measured time interval.

BeanInfo class

A companion class for a custom condition or action that specifies the appearance of properties in its property panel.

BECN

Backward Explicit Congestion Notification

The notification from the frame relay network to indicate that the network experienced congestion when the packet forwarding direction was reversed.

behavioral policy

In ZENworks Server Management, a policy that holds a set of rules to be followed in certain situations. The policy engine carries out these rules, along with any of its supporting modules. For example, the Server Down Process policy defines criteria that must be met before the server can be brought down.

Berkeley Internet Name Domain

An implementation of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocols which provides an openly redistributable reference implementation of the major components of the Domain Name System.

The BIND DNS Server is used on the vast majority of name serving machines on the Internet, providing a robust and stable architecture on top of which an organization's naming architecture can be built. The resolver library included in the BIND distribution provides the standard APIs for translation between domain names and Internet addresses and is intended to be linked with applications requiring name service.

Bilateral Closed User Group

A virtual private network, consisting of two data terminals, within a larger open network. The pair of terminals are configured to share unrestricted access with each other, but access to or by any other data terminal in the open network is not possible.

binary

1. The name of the number system in which there are only zeros and ones. This is important to computers because all computer data is ultimately a series of zeros and ones, and thus can be represented by binary numbers.

2. Data that is not meant to be intepreted through a common character set (like ASCII). Pure binary data is typically 8-bit data. Transferring a binary file through ASCII channels without prior modification will result in corruption and loss of data. Binary data can be turned into ASCII data via uucoding or bcoding.

BIND

1. The NetWare command that links a protocol and a board or network interface.

2. (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) An implementation of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocols which provides an openly redistributable reference implementation of the major components of the Domain Name System.

3. An SNA request (initiated by the APPC verb CNOS) sent from one logical unit (LU) to another to establish a session. For LU6.2, BINDs are negotiated between two LUs. The LU that initiates the BIND is known as the "primary LU," and the LU that receives the BIND is known as the "secondary LU."

Bindery

Short for "Bindery object."

bindery application

An application that makes calls to the NetWare bindery. eDirectory supports bindery applications with bindery services.

bindery context

The container object in the eDirectory tree that enables eDirectory to provide network information to servers and programs that depend on using the NetWare bindery.

bindery context level

A relative position within the eDirectory tree where bindery services are in effect. This position depends upon how the eDirectory tree was set up.

Bindery object

A leaf object placed in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree during an upgrade or migration from an earlier version of NetWare. Usually, NDS cannot identify the specific object, and bindery-based clients must access it with older NetWare utilities by using bindery services.

Bindery Queue object

A leaf object in the eDirectory tree that represents a print queue. The object is placed in the eDirectory tree during a migration or upgrade from a previous version of NetWare. eDirectory cannot identify such objects, so they must be accessed using older NetWare utilities.

bindery services

An eDirectory feature that creates bindery context, allowing bindery-based servers, clients, and utilities to coexist on an eDirectory network. In bindery services, eDirectory simulates a flat (nonhierarchical) structure for the objects within a container object. Only the leaf objects of the container are represented in this structure, creating limitations for bindery services users that other eDirectory users do not have.

Biometric

Novell Modular Authentication Services

Biological measurements of the eyes, voice, fingerprints, and face used for logging in and authenticating to the network.

BIOS

System BIOS

The part of a computer's memory that makes it possible for the computer to boot itself after the computer is turned on, without accessing programs from a disk. This essential procedure is complete when the boot menu appears on the screen.

bit

From Binary + digit, it is a unit of information; the amount of information obtained by asking a yes-or-no question; a computational quantity that can take on one of two values, such as false and true or 0 and 1. A bit is the smallest unit of storage--it is sufficient to hold one bit.

A bit is said to be "set" if its value is true or 1, and "reset" or "clear" if its value is false or 0. To toggle or "invert" a bit is to change it, either from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0.

There are 8 bits in a byte.

bit rate

The rate at which bits (binary digits) are transmitted over a communications line. Bit rate is usually expressed in bits per second (bps).

BlackBerry client

In ZENworks Handheld Management, the software which manages devices that use the BlackBerry wireless platform.

BlackBerry Configuration policy

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy used to change the configuration of associated BlackBerry devices, including the owner name for the device and any additional information that should be included. This policy is contained in the Handheld and Handheld User packages.

BlackBerry device

In ZENworks Handheld Management, any handheld device running Research In Motion (RIM) OS 2.1 and newer. Handheld Management supports BlackBerry 850/857 devices using the DataTAC 3rdParty network and 950/957 devices using the Mobitex 3rdParty network.

BlackBerry Device Lockout

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a feature that disables a BlackBerry device that might be lost or stolen. After the device is locked, no applications can run on the device other than ZENworks Handheld Management, which can be used to unlock the device.

BlackBerry Inventory policy

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy used to enable the collection of hardware and software inventory from associated BlackBerry devices. This policy is contained in the Handheld and Handheld User packages.

BlackBerry Security policy

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy used to ensure that a password is set on associated BlackBerry devices. This policy is contained in the Handheld and Handheld User packages.

BLANK

In the AS/400 system, a default mode used to minimize configuration of network attributes.

block

1. The smallest amount of disk space that the server reads or writes at a time. All disk accesses are measured in blocks. The block size for a volume is defined at installation, and is usually between 4 KB and 64 KB.

2. In NetWare, to render inoperable, untouchable, or unchangeable; to obstruct access to an eDirectory object, such as a directory or file.

3. To select or highlight text.

block ID

A 3-digit hexadecimal number assigned to a physical unit (PU).

In NetWare Link/SNA, this number denotes the device type and responds to IDBLK in the VTAM PU definition statement.

In NetWare for SAA, it is the same ID assigned to the PU on the host.

block suballocation

The division of partially used disk blocks into smaller, 512-byte blocks. Block suballocation allows the last part of several files to share one disk block rather than using one disk block for each file, thus using disk space more efficiently.

board

1. A category under the Internetworking Configuration utility (INETCFG) where interface board parameters are configured.

2. A hardware interface card, installed in a computer, that connects the computer to other hardware or devices. Boards can add memory or graphics capabilities, or connect to modems, printers, or other devices.

bookmark

In Web browsers, used to save the URL of frequently visited or important Web sites. Bookmarks can be sorted in folders or renamed.

boolean

A system used frequently in search engines and directories for searching and retrieving information using and combining terms such as AND, OR, and NOT for the purpose of sorting data.

"Boolean logic" is used to restrict an informational or statistical search to certain parameters. Boolean characters can be helpful when searching the Internet. For example, searching for "healthcare agency" produces more than 4 million matches, or all entries that contain either "healthcare" or "agency." But a search for "healthcare & agency" locates only the matches that contain both words, significantly limiting the results.

boot

To start or restart a computer and ready it for use. Based on the phrase 'pull up by the bootstraps'.

During the boot (or boot-up) process, the operating system is read from disk into RAM, under control of a small ROM "bootstrap loader" program. Until a computer is booted, it can process no information.

If a computer will not respond to the keyboard, mouse, or reset button, you can cold boot the computer. Shut the machine down; then turn off the power and restart.

You can "warm" boot a running computer by pressing CTRL-ALT-DEL or by pressing the "reset" button on the console. When a machine is re-booted (cold or warm), information in RAM and any information that hasn't been saved to disk is lost.

boot directory

In the NetWare operating system, the directory where the server.exe file is stored. Executing server.exe starts (boots) the server operating system.

boot diskette

A diskette that contains the parts of an operating system needed to start the operating system. You can use it to boot your computer.

boot file

A file, such as autoexec.bat or config.sys, that starts up a computer by loading its operating system and drivers, setting environment variables, and handling other initialization tasks.

boot loader

Loads a program by initializing program/data memory from either a serial or parallel port. Convenient for prototyping.

boot partition

The partition mounted on the /boot directory that contains the operating system kernel, as well as files used during the boot process. The boot partition can be (but does not have to be) the same as the system partition. Both a primary partition and a logical drive in an extended partition can be used as a boot partition.

bootconf.sys

In a NetWare diskless workstation, the configuration file that is used by Remote Reset to determine which remote boot image file to use to boot the operating system and access the network.

booting

The sequence of computer operations from power-on until the system is ready for use.

BOOTP

Bootstrap Protocol

A TCP/IP protocol that enables an internet node (for example, a diskless workstation) to discover certain start-up information, such as its IP address.

BOOTP relay agent

An Internet host or router that passes BOOTP messages between BOOTP clients and BOOTP servers. Because the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is designed to use the same relay agent behavior as specified in the BOOTP protocol specification, a BOOTP relay agent also passes DHCP messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers.

Bootstrap Protocol

The Bootstrap Protocol allows a host to configure itself dynamically at boot time. This protocol provides three services:

IP address assignment
Detection of the IP address for a serving machine
The name of a file to be loaded and executed by the client machine

This protocol is the basis for DHCP. It allows a client computer to receive an IP address from a BootP server without having a static IP address defined beforehand on the client machine.

bound-in NLM

Any NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that is part of the server.exe file, which is the core of the NetWare operating system.

Bourne Shell

The standard shell (`/bin/sh') on UNIX and UNIX-like systems, originally written by Steven R. Bourne. Many shells (Bash, ksh, pdksh, zsh) are generally upwardly compatible with the Bourne shell.

See also Bash.

bridge

A device that connects two or more physical networks, forwarding frames between networks based on information in the data-link header. Because it operates at the data-link layer, the bridge is transparent to the network layer protocols.

bridge discovery

In ZENworks Server Management, the service that gathers details about bridges and switches so an accurate map of the network can be built.

broadcast

1. To send a message to all possible recipients. Broadcast can be implemented as a repeated send but is more efficiently implemented by using spanning trees and having each node in the tree propagate the message to its descendants. See also multicast and process group.

2. A packet delivery service in which all hosts on a network receive a copy of any frame that is designated for broadcast.

3. In Novell GroupWise Workflow, to send workflow steps to all recipients at once.

Broker

Short for "Broker object."

Broker object

An eDirectory object associated with Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) that represents broker.nlm and provides three network support services not previously available in NetWare:

Service Registry Service (SRS)
Event Notification Service (ENS)
Resource Management Service (RMS)

brouter

bridging router

A device that routes some protocols and bridges others.

browse

To scan a collection of items, such as a database, a file manager view, a list box, Web pages, or text files, for a particular item or for items of interest. To browse implies observing rather than changing information.

Browse

1. In NetWare, short for "Browse right."

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a menu-bar item in Calendar used to look at the calendar appointments of others.

Browse right

An object right that grants the right to see an object in the eDirectory tree. The name of the object is returned when a search is made that matches the object.

browser

1. Software used to explore or navigate. For example, a Web browser (such as Firefox or Internet Explorer) allows a user to access pages on the World Wide Web; a NetWare Administrator browser window allows a user to access the eDirectory tree. Web browsers with a particular encryption capability called Secure Socket Layer (SSL) are sometimes called SSL browsers.

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) Application Builder, a window that provides a symbolic, hierarchical view of a module in a user interface. The browser shows parent-child relationships and groups. It can also be used to find objects in complex modules and to edit a user interface.

Btrieve

A key-indexed record management system used in NetWare 3.0 and later that allows the user to access, update, create, delete, or save records in a database. Btrieve consists of several programs that can run in either a client-based or server-based version.

bucket

In ZENworks Server Management, the number of samples taken for a particular trend parameter over a given period. Also called trend bucket.

budget holder

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, an individual responsible for approving or denying users' requests for access to an application package.

buffer

A temporary storage location in memory where data can be held for processing. A buffer can be used to hold data in an area where it can be easily accessed. It is often used to compensate for differences in data-flow rates (for example, between a terminal and its transmission line). A buffer can also be used as a backup mechanism, holding data that can then be retransmitted if an error is detected during transmission.

buffer underflow

A condition in which a program receives an end-of-data error before it has received and read enough bytes to return the information that was requested. This usually occurs when the requested data is corrupted.

Build schedule

In ZENworks Server Management, the schedule for the Distribution object. It determines when the Distributor owning the Distribution can begin building the Distribution file.

bus

A term used for a kind of electronic device in which a number of elements are wired together with a single wire in such a way that all the elements can use the same wire to transmit information to other devices on the wire. Buses are used internally in computers and used to attach computers to peripherals.

Bus is also a term for a LAN topology which has the same characteristic: the same wire is attached to a number of devices which all share that wire to transmit to other devices on the LAN. ThickWire and ThinWire Ethernet, Localtalk, and ARCnet are examples of LAN technologies with a bus topology.

bus interrupt

A device I/O interrupt used by such devices as disk or LAN drivers.

bus topology

The linear LAN used by Ethernet networks.

business process

A set of procedures that define how a business does its work. It has well-defined starting and ending points and can be a combination of manual, partially automated, or completely automated tasks. Workflow is the computer automation of a business process.

See also Workflow subsystem.

byte

Contraction of BinarY digiT Eight, a unit of storage capable of holding a single character. A byte is equal to 8 bits. Computer storage space is measured in bytes. A Kilobyte (or 1 K) represents 1024 bytes and a Megabyte (1 Mb) represents one thousand kilobytes, or one million bytes. For example, a computer that has 256 KB main memory can store approximately 256,000 bytes (or characters) in memory at one time. Kilobyte is usually abbreviated as K or KB. A megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes, but it is often used loosely as a synonym for one million bytes. Megabyte is frequently abbreviated as M or MB. A gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes.
Gigabyte is often abbreviated as G or GB.

C top

CA

Certificate authority

An entity that issues the digital certificates used in public-key cryptography. It attests to the identity of the person or organization to whom it issues the digital certificates. It also is called certification authority or certifying authority.

cache

1. (verb) To hold data in a temporary storage area, such as in RAM. The data can be accessed more quickly from RAM than from the hard disk.

2. (noun) A quickly accessible area of RAM or a directory or a disk that stores frequently used information.

3. (noun) On the Web, refers to the area where the browser stores downloaded graphics on the user's computer. That way, when the user has to reload the graphics, the browser retrieves it from the computer faster than ite would reloading the graphics from the Internet.

cache buffer

A block of NetWare server memory (RAM) that temporarily stores data.

cache buffer pool

The amount of memory available for use by the operating system after the server.exe file has been loaded into memory.

cache hit

A successful search for data in a memory cache.

cache memory

Available random access memory (RAM) that NetWare uses to improve NetWare server access time. Cache memory allocates memory for the hash table, the FAT, the Turbo FAT, suballocation tables, the directory cache, a temporary data storage area for files and NLM programs, and available memory for other functions.

cache, NAL

NAL cache

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a hidden directory (nalcache) that Novell Application Launcher creates on the root of the Windows drive. The cache directory contains subdirectories for each application associated with the workstation's user.

For example, c:
nalcache
novell_tree.app1.apps.novell and c:
nalcache
novell_tree.app2.apps.novell.

These subdirectories contain the information used by Novell Application Launcher (NAL) to install, launch, verify, and uninstall applications while the user is disconnected from Novell eDirectory.

cache-only server

A server that has no database; it must query other name servers to obtain information. After a cache-only server receives information for a query, it caches the information and can respond to subsequent queries (for the same information) without querying other name servers.

call

A request by one network node to establish communications with another network node; also, the resulting communication session or the virtual circuit over which it is conducted.

call authentication

A method of protecting against unauthorized access into a system by inbound remote calls.

call control agent

A software module that works in tandem with the call support layer (CSL). The CCA contains wide area network (WAN) media-specific connection management logic.

Call Manager utility

The NetWare utility used to monitor the status of the WAN connections or to start and stop WAN calls manually.

Call Request packet

In X.25, a type of control packet sent to data terminal equipment (DTE) to request initiation of a virtual call.

call support layer

The software module that provides a general-purpose interface for controlling wide area network (WAN) calls. Call control refers to a set of actions taken to establish, maintain, and disconnect a WAN connection.

CALLMGR

The NetWare utility used to monitor the status of the wide area network (WAN) connections or to start and stop WAN calls manually.

Can't Compress

Short for "Can't Compress attribute."

Can't Compress attribute

A file system attribute indicating that a file can't be compressed because of insignificant space savings. It is shown in attribute listings but can't be set by users.

CAPTURE

A NetWare command line utility used to print to a network printer from an application that is not designed to run on a network. CAPTURE can also print screen displays and save data to a network file.

Capture Packets

In ZENworks Server Management, software that enables the system administrator to collect packets in order to analyze traffic in a particular LAN segment, using the Novell LANalyzer Agent or the standard RMON Agent.

case

A section of a rule made up of conditions and actions. The actions are executed when the group of conditions evaluate to true. A case is shown in the Rule Editor as a pair of When and Do headings. Also called a decision node.

case sensitive

A program or function that differentiates between capital and non-capitalized letters or words. Something that is not case sensitive would view 'novell' and 'Novell' as the same word. A case sensitive program would see two different words.

CC

1. Customer Connections

2. Carbon copy recipients (CC) receive a copy of an item. CC recipients are users who would benefit from the information in an item, but are not affected by or directly responsible for it. All recipients can see that a carbon copy was sent. They can also see the names of the CC recipients.

3. Cooperative Console. (A Sun Microsystems, Inc. management tool.)

4. correction ceiling

CCA

1. Compatible Communications Architecture

2. Computer Corporation of America

3. common cryptographic architecture

4. communications control architecture

5. call control agent: A software module that works in tandem with the call support layer (CSL). The CCA contains wide area network (WAN) media-specific connection management logic.

CD-ROM

compact disc read-only memory

A computer storage medium which can store large amounts of information; generally used to distribute software or multi-media for use on computers with CD-ROM drives. CD-ROM disks look just like music CDs and cannot be altered by a user. Most CD-ROMs can store 650 megabytes of data.

A single CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 300,000 text pages. CD-ROMs are stamped by the vendor, and once stamped, they cannot be erased and filled with new data. To read a CD, you need a CD-ROM player. All CD-ROMs conform to a standard size and format, so you can load any type of CD-ROM into any CD-ROM player. In addition, CD-ROM players are capable of playing audio CDs, which share the same technology. CD-ROMs are particularly well-suited to information that requires large storage capacity. This includes large software applications, graphics, sound, and especially video.

CDM

custom device module

1. The driver component in the NetWare Peripheral Architecture (NPA) used to drive specific storage devices attached to the host adapter.

2. code division multiplexing

Central Processing Unit

The most powerful microprocessor chip in your computer. The actual CPU is about 1.5 inches square, yet it is the most critical part of the computer. Having a fast CPU (measured in MegaHertz) greatly aids in the overall speed of your computer.

Sometimes the term CPU is used to describe the whole box that contains the chip (along with the motherboard, expansion cards, disk drives, power supply, and so on). In this sense, it comprises the part of the computer apart from the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

Sometimes referred to as the heart or the brains of a traditional computer. The CPU coordinates all activity in the machine by following a precise set of instructions--the software.

Central Processing Unit Cache Memory

The cache on your CPU is an expensive, high-speed piece of memory, which is used to speed up the memory retrieval process. Due to its expense, CPUs come with a relatively small amount of cache compared with the main system memory.

The extremely fast memory in CPU cache stores any data that is frequently accessed and also, if possible, the data that is around it. This achieves the quickest possible response time to the CPU. Otherwise, every time the CPU requested data, it would send a request to the main memory which would then be sent back across the memory bus to the CPU. This can be a slow process.

CEPT

Conference Europeenne des Postes et des Telecommunications (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration)

The association of the European Post, Telephone, and Telegraph agencies (PTT) that recommends communication specifications to the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). This governing body created the facility used to transport 30 voice channels at 64 Kbs (for a total of 2.048 Mbps); also known as "E1."

certificate

In public-key cryptography, a digital document attesting to the binding of a public key to an owner (such as an individual or a Web server). A certificate verifies claims that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. It is used to prevent unauthorized users from using phony keys to impersonate legitimate users.

Certificates contain, at a minimum, a public key and a name. Normally they also contain the expiration date of the key, the name of the certifying authority that issued the certificate, and the serial number of the certificate. They can also contain the digital signature of the certificate issuer.

Also called "digital certificate," "digital ID," "digital passport," and "public key certificate."

certificate

In ZENworks Server Management, an inter-server communications security file issued by an internal certificate signer. Valid only within the context of the ZENworks family of products.

certificate authority

An entity that issues the digital certificates used in public-key cryptography and attests to the identity of the person or organization to whom it issues the digital certificates. For example, a company may issue certificates to its employees, a university to its students, or a town to its citizens. Also called certification authority or certifying authority.

certificate signer

In ZENworks Server Management, the trusted certificate source responsible for digitally signing certificates. In ZENworks, this can be local source, in which case the certificate is valid only within the context of the ZENworks family of products.

certificate signing request

1. An electronic document that contains distinguishing information about a Web server or service and its associated organization. A CSR must be submitted to a certificate authority (CA) in order to receive a certificate for a service. When an external certificate authority is used, the CSR must be submitted to the CA to be digitally signed.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, when a CA internal to the product (such as a Distributor) receives a CSR and digitally signs a certificate, that certificate is valid only within the context of the ZENworks family of products.

certification authority

CGI

1. Common Gateway Interface: A standard for how a Web server communicates with external programs. CGI specifies how to pass arguments to the executing program as part of the HTTP request and defines a set of environment variables. Commonly, the program generates HTML that is passed back to the browser, but it can also request redirection to a different URL. This interfacing allows for interactive sites instead of just static text and images.

2. color graphics interface

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

An inbound call protection method that enables the receiving node to issue a challenge sequence that must be modified by the caller to use a "secret" known by both peer nodes.

Change Number of Sessions

An Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) verb used to perform session-related operations.

channel

A path that allows the transmission of electromagnetic signals between a computer and a device; the path can consist of cables and storage devices and can include a host bus adapter.

Channel

In ZENworks Server Management, an eDirectory object (TED Channel) that is used to connect distributions with subscribers, external subscribers, and subscriber groups. Multiple distributors can list distributions in a given channel. Channels must be scheduled using the Send schedule. All distributions listed in a channel are sent to any ZENworks entity subscribed to the channel.

channel service unit

A digital signal processing device used to connect an external digital channel (such as a T-1, DDS, or Switched 56 line) to a multiplexer or to another device that produces a digital signal (such as a digital PBX or a PC).

At the customer's end of the telephone connection, CSUs perform much the same function for digital circuits that modems provide for analog connections. A CSU performs certain line-coding, line-conditioning, equalization, and monitoring functions, including transmit and receive filtering, signal shaping, longitudinal balance, voltage isolation, and remote loopback testing for digital transmission.

channel-attached

Describes devices attached to a controller by cables, rather than by telecommunication lines.

CHAP

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

An inbound call protection method that enables the receiving node to issue a challenge sequence that must be modified by the caller to use a "secret" known by both peer nodes.

character

A letter, numeral, punctuation mark, control character, blank, or other such symbol. One character usually occupies one byte when stored on a computer.

A single location on a computer system capable of holding one alphabetic character or numeric digit. One or more characters are held in a field. One or more fields make up a record, and one or more records may be held in a file or database table.

character device

A data storage or transfer device that manipulates data in increments of a single character; for example, a terminal. Contrast with block device.

character length

In serial communication, the number of bits used to form a character.

character set

The letters, numbers, and characters a computer uses for display and printing. Alphabet-based languages, such as English, usually have a character set of 256 symbols (the number of combinations one byte can hold). Unicode, with 16 bits, has a possible character set of 65,536 symbols.

charge rate

The number that is subtracted from a NetWare user's account balance for a unit of service. For example, a charge rate of 2/3 for connection time means that 2 is subtracted from the user's account balance for every 3 minutes of connection time.

checkpoint restart

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a distribution download mechanism used by Novell Application Launcher (NAL) while the user is connected to eDirectory through a remote connection. If an application download is postponed or interrupted, the download is resumed at the point where it left off, not at the beginning.

checksum

The numeric computation that combines the bits of a transmitted message; also the resulting value. The value is transmitted with the message; the receiver recalculates the checksum and compares it to the received value to detect transmission errors.

CHGNETA

In the AS/400 system, a command used to change network attributes.

child document

In the Content Management subsystem, a document that is associated with one parent document. An example of a child document is a reply in a discussion thread. Each reply is a response to only one other discussion item in the thread.

child VLM

A Virtual Loadable Module (VLM) that receives calls from and returns calls to a parent VLM. A child VLM handles a particular implementation of a logical grouping of functionality. For example, each of the following is a child VLM of NWP.VLM:
- BIND.VLM for NetWare 2 and 3 bindery servers
- NDS.VLM for NetWare 4 NDS servers
- PNW.VLM for Personal NetWare (NetWare desktop)

chording

The simultaneous pressing of two or more buttons or keys on an input device such as a keyboard or mouse that produces one set action.

CI

1. component integration

2. Computer Intelligence: A group that contracted with Novell to provide online information about LAN sites.

3. congestion indicator

4. configuration item: In the Product Life Cycle (PLC) process, an aggregation of hardware, software, or both, that is designated for configuration management and treated as a single entity in the configuration management process.

Ci

Short for "Copy Inhibit attribute."

CIFS

Common Internet File System

A protocol that lets programs make requests for files and services on remote computers on the Internet. CIFS uses the client/server programming model. A client program makes a request of a server program (usually in another computer) for access to a file or to pass a message to a program that runs in the server computer. The server takes the requested action and returns a response. CIFS is a public or open variation of the Server Message Block Protocol developed and used by Microsoft.

CIM

Common Information Model

An approach to system and network management defined by the Distributed Management Task Force. CIM describes the components of a managed computing and networking environment using an object-oriented modeling approach. In ZENworks Server Management and ZENworks Desktop Management, it is used to define the Inventory database schema.

CIM schema

1. A collection of class definitions used to represent managed objects that occur in every management environment.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, an approach to system and network management that is used to apply object-oriented structuring and conceptualization techniques to the Inventory database. The Inventory database schema in ZENworks is based on the CIM schema.

CIR

committed information rate

The rate, in bits per second, at which a network offering frame relay services (FRS) agrees to transfer data on a particular virtual circuit under normal operating conditions. The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time.

circuit

1. Any path that can carry an electrical current.

2. In the context of NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), an internal logical representation of network connectivity between two NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) routers (or between two SNA/NetBIOS end stations).

circuit switching

A procedure for establishing a connection between two end devices. Once established, the connection uses a nonsharable path through the network.

Clear Request packet

In X.25, a type of control packet sent to a data terminal equipment (DTE) to request the termination of a virtual call.

clear text password

A password that has not been encrypted. In contrast, ciphertext is data that has been encrypted.

Clear To Send

A control signal generated by data communications equipment (DCE) to indicate that it can transmit data.

CLI

1. command line interpreter: The main interface between a user and a computer. A CLI accepts commands and then performs functions.
2. call level interface: A database standard, as in SQL/CLI.
3. Common Layer Interface: A layer in the Novell Storage Services (NSS) software architecture that provides naming, object, and management services. The CLI layer defines the interfaces that Semantic Agents use to access the object engine layer.
4. Compression Labs, Inc.: A vendor for video conference equipment.

CLIB

C-Library

The dynamically loaded Runtime NetWare C library that provides an interface to the NetWare operating system.

client

1. A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance. Each client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of server programs, and each server requires a specific kind of client. A web browser and an FTP program are specific kinds of clients.

2. A system or software application that requests services from another application, usually across a network. For example, a Novell Client is workstation software that provides NetWare connectivity to Windows. Once installed on workstations, Novell Client enables users to enjoy the full range of NetWare services such as Novell eDirectory, integrated messaging, single synchronized login, and multiprotocol support.

client/server network

A network having at least one personal computer configured as a server. The server runs the client/server network operating system and controls communication and shared network resources. The clients are workstations that are connected to the network and are running client software.

Client32

Novell Client

Novell software that provides basic connectivity and access to NetWare network resources for workstations. Additionally, it provides advanced networking services such as rapid data transfer, file and print management, and access to eDirectory.

clientless architecture

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the lack of dependence on the Novell Client for workstations to authenticate to eDirectory.

clock

1. In the NetWare Common Desktop Environment (CDE), both a software application that displays the time, and a control option in Front Panel that displays the local time.

2. A software or hardware algorithm that provides time stamps for computer events.

clocking

A method of time synchronization of communication information.

clone

A complete DIB (Directory Information Base) fileset duplicate of a tree and all of its objects.

closed user group

A facility that allows the configuration of virtual private networks within a larger public network. It allows a user to collect data terminal equipment (DTEs) into a single logical group, and restricts the ability of the group to receive or make outgoing calls to the restricted "open" portion of the network. The number of CUGs is network-dependent. A single DTE can belong to one or more CUGs.

cluster

1. A group of servers that are each connected to the same storage device and are running Novell Cluster Services software. A cluster increases availability and fault tolerance for network applications and services by providing the ability for servers to automatically load and run applications and services from other servers which fail.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a grouping of from 2 to 32 NetWare servers configured using Novell Cluster Services so that data storage locations and applications can transfer from one server to another without interrupting their availability to users.

Cluster Membership

A dynamic group of nodes that comprise the current cluster, which is updated when nodes leave or join the cluster.

cluster resource

A NetWare application, service, or volume that has been set up for high availability by being configured to work with Novell Cluster Services.

cluster server

A server that is connected to a shared storage device and is running Novell Cluster Services software.

cluster volume

A volume on shared storage or a shared disk system.

Cluster Volume

A specialized location-transparent cluster resource that provides access to NetWare file services.

cluster-enabled shared volume

In ZENworks Server Management, a shared volume for which a Volume Resource object has been created in eDirectory.

cluster-enabled volume

A volume on shared storage that has been set up as a cluster resource, with its own IP address and load and unload scripts.

See also cluster resource; load script; unload script.

cluster-safe

In ZENworks Desktop Management, being able to install the Desktop Management services in a Novell Cluster Services environment; if the cluster volume goes down, an interruption in services will occur while the cluster fails over.

CM

Content Management subsystem

Allows you to create, label, categorize, and display content. Your application can retrieve, display, and update content and display it in various formats based on style sheets. Content is stored in a database associated with your application. Sometimes called CM.

See also document; Search subsystem; style sheet (XSL); WebDAV subsystem.

CMFS

Continuous Media File System

A disk storage system used by the NetWare MultiMedia Server component that provides Disk QoS on the NetWare server. This allows multiple file accesses, delivering data at a guaranteed rate while sharing a single disk drive.

CMOS

complementary metal oxide semiconductor

A technology for making integrated circuits, widely used for processors and memory because it minimizes power needed for operation. The term is loosely used to refer to the CMOS RAM in a PC.

CMOS RAM

complementary metal oxide semiconductor random access memory

A small, battery-backed memory bank in a personal computer used to contain the PC's configuration information (time, date, and system information, such as drive types). CMOS RAM is memory made of CMOS chips, which, because of their low power requirements, are increasingly being used for main memory in portable computers.

CMSAC

Content Management System Administration Console

A Web application for setting up and maintaining a document management infrastructure and creating, editing, securing, and publishing HTML and XML content for your portal applications. The CMSAC uses the services of the Content Management subsystem.

CNOS

Change Number of Stations

An Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) verb used to perform session-related operations.

Co

Short for "Compressed attribute."

CO

1. central office: A local hub for the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
2. connection-oriented.

code page

A table that lists the possible combinations for a character set used by a computer. For example, a DOS code page that defines the extended ASCII character set consists of 256 character combinations, using an 8-bit code. Unicode, using a 16-bit code, allows up to 65,536 unique characters. Separate code pages apply to different languages.

collection

In the WebDAV subsystem, a resource that serves as a container for other resources, including other collections. Collections provide a paradigm for grouping and searching resources, such as folders and directories.

COM port

communications port

A connection device between a computer and another component, such as a printer or modem. A COM port is a serial port, meaning that information is transmitted through it 1 bit at a time.

comatose

A cluster resource state in which the resource is not running properly on a server and is not accessible. The resource requires administrator intervention.

command

An instruction to or request of a program, application, operating system, or other software, to perform a particular task. Commands may be single words or may require additional phrases, variously called arguments, options, parameters, and qualifiers. Unlike statements, a command is executed as soon as you enter it.

command format

Instructions that show how to type a command at the keyboard; also called syntax. In NetWare manuals, a command format may include constants, variables, and symbols.

command line

A space provided directly on the screen where users type specific commands, rather than execute commands through graphical selections, such as menus and buttons. In Linux, you open a shell prompt, which generally displays a $ at the end, and type commands at the command line. An example of a command line is the area next to the DOS prompt on a personal computer.

command line option

An argument to a command that modifies its function rather than providing data. Options generally start with "-" in UNIX or "/" in MS-DOS. This is usually followed by a single letter or occasionally a digit.

Some commands require each option to be a separate argument, introduced by a new "-" or "/", others allow multiple option letters to be concatenated into a single argument with a single "-" or "/", e.g. "ls -al". A few UNIX commands (such as ar and tar) allow the "-" to be omitted. Some options may or must be followed by a value (for example, "cc prog.c -o prog"), sometimes with and sometimes without an intervening space.

committed burst size

The maximum number of data bits that a network agrees to transfer under typical conditions over a measured time interval.

committed information rate

The rate, in bits per second, at which a network offering frame relay services (FRS) agrees to transfer data on a particular virtual circuit under normal operating conditions. The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time.

Common Gateway Interface

A standard for how a Web server communicates with external programs. CGI specifies how to pass arguments to the executing program as part of the HTTP request and defines a set of environment variables. Commonly, the program generates HTML that is passed back to the browser, but it can also request redirection to a different URL. This interfacing allows for interactive sites instead of just static text and images.

Common Information Model

An approach to system and network management defined by the Distributed Management Task Force. CIM describes the components of a managed computing and networking environment using an object-oriented modeling approach. In ZENworks Server Management and ZENworks Desktop Management, it is used to define the Inventory database schema.

Common Internet File System

A protocol that lets programs make requests for files and services on remote computers on the Internet. CIFS uses the client/server programming model. A client program makes a request of a server program (usually in another computer) for access to a file or to pass a message to a program that runs in the server computer. The server takes the requested action and returns a response. CIFS is a public or open variation of the Server Message Block Protocol developed and used by Microsoft.

Common Layer Interface

A layer in the Novell Storage Services (NSS) software architecture that provides naming, object, and management services. The CLI layer defines the interfaces that semantic agents use to access the object engine layer.

Common UNIX Printing System

A freely distributable collection of tools and drivers that allow UNIX and UNIX-compatible operating systems to control printer devices, manage print queues, and process print requests.

CUPS provides a portable printing layer for UNIX-based operating systems. It has been developed by Easy Software Products to promote a standard printing solution for all UNIX vendors and users. CUPS provides the System V and Berkeley command-line interfaces.

communication buffer

An area in the NetWare server's memory that is set aside to temporarily hold data packets arriving from clients.

communication protocol

A convention or set of rules used by a program or operating system to communicate between two or more endpoints. Although many different communication protocols are used, they all allow information to be packaged, sent from a source, and delivered to a destination system.

communications controller

A machine directly attached to a host computer that processes communications to a host. The communications controller is also known as a "front-end processor."

Communications Management Information Protocol

An Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network management protocol.

community string

In ZENworks Server Management, an arbitrary ASCII string of up to 64 characters used to authenticate SNMP commands received at the NetWare Management Agent server.

compact disc read-only memory

A computer storage medium which can store large amounts of information; generally used to distribute software or multi-media for use on computers with CD-ROM drives. CD-ROM disks look just like music CDs and cannot be altered by a user. Most CD-ROMs can store 650 megabytes of data.

A single CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 300,000 text pages. CD-ROMs are stamped by the vendor, and once stamped, they cannot be erased and filled with new data. To read a CD, you need a CD-ROM player. All CD-ROMs conform to a standard size and format, so you can load any type of CD-ROM into any CD-ROM player. In addition, CD-ROM players are capable of playing audio CDs, which share the same technology. CD-ROMs are particularly well-suited to information that requires large storage capacity. This includes large software applications, graphics, sound, and especially video.

Compare right

A property right that allows a trustee to compare the value of a property with another value to see if they are equal. The Compare right process returns True or False, but it does not return the actual value of the property.

complete name

An object name that includes its path from the root of the eDirectory tree. For example, if user KSMITH is located at O=Novell, OU=Sales, then her complete name is Ksmith.Sales.Novell. In eDirectory terminology, the complete name is referred to as distinguished name (DN).

component

1. One element of a larger system. A hardware component can be a device as small as a transistor or as large as a disk drive as long as it is part of a larger system. Software components are segments within a larger system.

2. A piece of software that can be combined with other pieces to construct a program or system. A component is an abstract entity that can perform tasks, that is, fulfill some responsibilities. A component may ultimately be turned into a function, a structure or class, or a collection of other components (a pattern).

3. A Java class that generates some kind of output, usually content for a Web page. Novell does not recommend the use of components for new development. However, existing components should still execute properly at runtime. For new development, Novell recommends the use of portlets.

See also portlet.

Compressed

Co

Short for "Compressed attribute."

Compressed attribute

A file system attribute indicating that a file is compressed. The Compressed attribute is automatically set by NetWare. It is shown in attribute listings but can't be set by users.

compression

A means of reducing the size of files to allow quicker transmission, or to take up less space.

Most commonly used text, image, sound, or video files can be compressed. These compressed files can then be expanded to the original form for display or play. Many compression algorithms exist.

Some compressions are better suited for one type of file than for others. Commonly used image compression methods are JPEG, and GIF. There are special compression methods for sound and video files (MPEG compression, for example).

Some compression methods are used for files without regard to the kind of data represented. Common general compression methods include zip and pkzip for DOS-based systems, stuffit for Macintosh operating systems, and compress (using gzip) for UNIX operating systems. Two or more compressed files may be combined into an archive file using compression programs such as tar or zip.

Computer

Short for "Computer object."

Computer Extensible policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that sets user-defined policies (from .adm files) for workstation objects. This policy is contained in the Workstation package.

Computer object

A leaf object in the eDirectory tree that represents a network computer, such as a router. The object does not represent a server. The Computer object records information such as a description, serial number, and contact person.

Computer Printer policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that sets workstation parameters for printing. The policy is part of the Workstation package.

condition

A reusable JavaBean class with a doCondition() method that returns a boolean value. An action can have properties whose values you set in the Rule Editor. exteNd Director supplies an installed set of general-purpose conditions and actions. You can also code your own custom conditions.

See also action; rule.

conduit

A small application that controls the transfer of data between a handheld device and a desktop computer.

configuration

The combination of elements, either software or hardware or both, that comprise a computer system, and the way they are set up to work together based on a number of possible choices.

configuration data

Data that can be stored and retrieved through the Method Management Functions. In addition, the MAF_GetAttribute function of the Multiple Authentication Framework Functions can read this data to get the value of an attribute associated with the current login session. The MAF_PutAttribute can store/delete this data.

Because the application can store and retrieve any values, configuration data is encrypted and secured within Login Device Object within eDirectory.

Configuration Manager

See "Novell Configuration Manager."

Configuration Manager Console

See Novell Configuration Manager Console.

configuration policy

1. In ZENworks Server Management, a type of policy that affects the configuration of a single server or many servers. For example, a policy can be scheduled to run at regular intervals to ensure that the server's configuration continues to be set correctly.

2. In ZENworks Handheld Management, an eDirectory object containing one or more individual policies. A policy package groups policies according to function, making it easier to administer them. It also provides the means for the administrator to change policy settings and to determine how they affect other eDirectory objects.

ZENworks for Handhelds has three policy packages: Container Package, Handheld Package, and Handheld Service Package.

configuration tree

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the portion of the eDirectory tree searched by Novell Application Launcher (NAL) to determine the configuration settings to use when running on behalf of a logged-in user or a logged-in workstation.

Configuration Wizard gadget

OD_ConfigWizardGadget

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, a ZENworks OnDemand Services gadget that stores the eDirectory context and password for the OnDemand Services Admin user in a secure place where the other OnDemand Services gadgets can get it in order to authenticate to eDirectory.

Configure NSS Volumes

An option on the Novell Storage Services (NSS) Administration menu that provides a way to turn storage free space into NSS volumes. The storage free space, which comes from an object bank where it has been deposited by NSS, must first be "owned" by a consumer object.

Configure Storage Group

An option on the Novell Storage Services (NSS) Administration menu that puts storage free space from several devices into a group for NSS volume creation.

configured router

An AppleTalk router that must be manually configured when it is added to a Novell network. Other routers obtain their configuration from this router. A seed router defines the range of network numbers for all routers in an AppleTalk network segment. Each AppleTalk network segment must have at least one seed router. A configured router is also known as a seed router.

conformance option

One of a set of options that provide access to expert parameters for specific control of the packet level, such as the NetWare Link/X.25 packet level, and frame level operations. This includes changing the frame reject operation, setting the length of a clear confirmation packet, and managing unassigned Logical Channel Numbers (LCNs.)

congestion

The existence of excessive traffic on the network.

connection

1. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a programmatic relationship established in the Application Builder between interface objects, wherein an event in a source object triggers an action on the target object. It is used to specify application behavior. Connections are established in the Connections editor.

2. In VTAM programs, a physical connection to another device.

3. In Systems Network Architecture (SNA), the network path that links two logical units in different nodes.

4. In MPR, a session between two networks.

5. In File System Services, when a client is connected to and authenticated on a server, a connection is associated with that client. Callers of the NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) interfaces are also considered to be clients, even though they are local on the server. Each server has a built-in internal system connection which is preauthenticated with all supervisor rights to the server. An NLM has the option of establishing its own authenticated connection(s) on behalf of remote clients (by using NDS login interfaces), or it can use the internal default system connection.

connection number

A unique number assigned to any process, print server, application, workstation, or other entity that attaches to a NetWare server. The number can be different each time an attachment is made. Connection numbers are used in implementing network security and for network accounting. They reflect the object's place in the file server's connection table. Additionally, they provide an easy way to identify and obtain information about the objects logged in on the network.

connectivity

The ability to link different pieces of hardware and software (Macintoshes, PCs, minicomputers, or mainframes) into a network to share resources (applications, printers, and so forth).

console

1. A program interface for the management of software or networks. In a mainframe or UNIX environment, a terminal consisting of a monitor and keyboard.

2. A text-based login environment that also displays system log messages, kernel panics, and other information.

3. One of the "text-mode" screens you get with Linux. It is similar to the DOS prompt.

4. Formerly synonymous with terminal. In Linux, the virtual consoles allow the screen to be used for several independent, parallel work sessions without any graphical display running.

5. The monitor and keyboard where a user views and controls NetWare server or host activity.

6. In ZENworks Desktop Management, Handheld Management, and Server Management, an interface where the administrator views and controls software and hardware settings and activity.

console operator

A user or member of a group who has been assigned rights to manage the NetWare server.

ConsoleOne

In ZENworks Desktop Management, ZENworks Handheld Management, and ZENworks Server Management, a Java-based administration tool used to manage Novell and third-party products on a variety of platforms. It provides a single point of administration for network resources, including Novell eDirectory objects, schema, partitions, replicas, and NetWare servers. If you use ZENworks Desktop Management, Novell ConsoleOne run from Windows is the only viewer or console that can be used for administration.

Consolidator

In ZENworks Server Management, NetExplorer discovery software that resides on the site server and helps manage information in the ZENworks Server Management database.

consumer

Short for "consumer object."

consumer object

In Novell Storage Services (NSS), the application that accesses storage free space (as deposit objects) from the object bank and claims ownership of the free space for NSS so that storage groups and NSS volumes can be created.

container

1. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a control intended to hold objects or data. A folder and a notebook are examples of containers. Also, in the OSF/Motif Style Guide, a control whose specific purpose is to hold and display objects.

2. Short for "container object."

container login script

A set of commands that sets environmental variables for all users within a container. The container login script is executed when a user logs in.

container object

An eDirectory object that can hold, or contain, other objects. Container objects are used to logically group related objects in the eDirectory tree to provide those objects with rights and services. Common examples of container objects are Country, Organization, and Organizational Unit.

Container Package

In ZENworks Desktop Management, ZENworks Handheld Management, and ZENworks Server Management, short for Container Package object. For ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, it contains the Search policy by default. For ZENworks Handheld Management, it contains the Search and Application Search policies by default.

container page

A portal page with fixed content designed for specific groups in an organization. Administrators create container pages with images, logos, text, and navigation controls to create a proprietary corporate identity that can be enforced in an organization.

Every portal application requires at least one container page to be defined. exteNd Director ships with a default container page.

content

In Content Management subsystem, information managed by the PMC or another tool (such as a WebDAV client) and retrieved by users of a portal application for online viewing or downloading. Content consists of documents (in any format that can be digitized) and metadata about those documents.

See also Content Management System Administration Console (CMSAC); document; metadata; WebDAV subsystem.

Content Management subsystem

Allows you to create, label, categorize, and display content. Your application can retrieve, display, and update content and display it in various formats based on style sheets. Content is stored in a database associated with your application. Sometimes called CM.

See also document; Search subsystem; style sheet (XSL); WebDAV subsystem

Content Management System Administration Console

A Web application for setting up and maintaining a document management infrastructure and creating, editing, securing, and publishing HTML and XML content for your portal applications. The CMSAC uses the services of the Content Management subsystem.

context

An object that stores information about the current environment. There are several context objects:

Portal context --
com.sssw.portal.api.EbiPortalContext provides information about the current component. Typically passed to a component's getComponentData() method.

Rule context --
com.sssw.re.api.EbiContext provides methods for accessing and firing rules (see rule). Typically obtained from the portal context object. (See also rule manager.)

Workflow context--
com.sssw.wf.api.EbiContext provides information about a workflow process.

All these context objects inherit from com.sssw.fw.api.EbiContext, which provides information about the current session and user, including whiteboard values and request parameters.

context

The position or location of an object in the eDirectory tree. When an administrator adds an object (such as a server or user) to the network, that object is placed in a container in the eDirectory tree. The path of containers from the root of the tree to the new object constitutes the object's context.

For example, if a User object were created in a container called SALES, which itself was located in a top-level container called ACME, the context of the User object would be SALES.ACME.

CONTEXT

The login script command that sets a user's current context in the Directory tree, and is the context you want the user to see after login. The format for this command is CONTEXT. For example: CONTEXT.SALES.NOVELL_US.

Continuous Media File System

A disk storage system used by the NetWare MultiMedia Server component that provides Disk QoS on the NetWare server. This allows multiple file accesses, delivering data at a guaranteed rate while sharing a single disk drive.

control article

Article sent to a replication site that asks the news server to create Internet discussion groups, delete outdated discussion groups, cancel articles, etc.

control packet

A link-control or network-control packet used for establishing encapsulation format options, size limits of packets, link setup, peer authentication, or network layer protocol management.

control point

A component of a node that manages resources of that node and optionally provides services to other nodes in the network. In a type 2.1 (T2.1) advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) node, the CP also provides services to adjacent end nodes in the T2.1 network.

control point name

An operand in a Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) definition statement coded with the network-qualified name of a control point (CP). A control point name consists of a network ID qualifier identifying the network to which the CP's node belongs, and a unique name identifying the CP. Each APPN or low-entry networking (LEN) node has one control point name.

Control point name identifies a Type 2.1 node with a subset of system services control point (SSCP) functions that allow LU6.2 sessions to be activated, controlled, and deactivated.

In NetWare Link/SNA, CPNAME corresponds to the Peripheral Node Control Point Name parameter.

control unit address

In Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), a 2-digit hexidecimal number that denotes the physical unit (PU) address. In a Network Control Program (NCP) definition statement, this value corresponds to that of the ADDR parameter. In an AS/400 controller description, this value corresponds to that of the STNADR parameter.

controlled access printer

A Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) printer that has been added to the eDirectory tree as an eDirectory object. Access is available only to users who have been granted rights to it.

controller

A hardware device that coordinates and controls the operation of one or more input or output devices, such as a disk driver. In AS/400, controller is a synonym for physical unit (PU).

controller address

The number the operating system uses to locate the controller on a disk channel. The number is physically set (usually with jumpers) on a disk controller board.

controller board

A device that enables a computer to communicate with another device, such as a hard disk or tape drive. The controller board manages input/output and regulates the operation of its associated device.

controller description

In AS/400, an object that contains a description of the characteristics of a controller that is attached to the system or a communication line.

convergence

The synchronization process that a network goes through immediately after a route change happens on the network. The amount of time it takes for all routers to synchronize their databases when a change occurs on the network is a major problem with the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).

convergence time

The time required for routing information to spread throughout the network.

conversation

In NetWare for SAA, the communication between two transaction programs communicating over a Type 6.2 LU-LU session.

cookie

A file on your computer that records information such as registration information from various web sites and is commonly used in the online marketplace to save your preferences and personalize your experience.

Since the Web's protocol has no way to remember requests, cookies read and record a user's browser type and IP address, and store this information on the user's own computer. The cookie can be read only by a server in the domain that stored it. Visitors can accept or deny cookies by changing a setting in their browser preferences.

Copy Files policy

In ZENworks Server Management, a policy that enables copying or moving of files on a server from one location to another by using policy configurations. The policy is contained in the Distributed Server Package.

Copy Inhibit

Short for "Copy Inhibit attribute."

Copy Inhibit attribute

A file system attribute that prevents users from copying the file even if they have Read and File Scan rights.

copyleft

A play on the term "copyright," copyleft is the essential concept at the heart of the Free Software Foundation's General Public License. According to the FSF, "Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and change it." This is sharp contradistinction to the permissions granted by BSD style licenses, which allow you to do anything you want with a piece of code, as long as you maintain the copyright notices.

A copyleft is a notice giving the public legal permission to redistribute a program or other work of art. Copylefts are used by left-wing programmers to promote freedom and cooperation. The particular form of copyleft used by the GNU project is called the GNU General Public License.

core dump

A file generated under certain conditions when an error terminates a program. The file is a snapshot of the program state at the moment of termination.

core portlet

A portlet supported by exteNd Director and automatically included in your application. The portlets are used in a portal application to implement the Portal Personalizer, login pages, and personalizable pages. You can reuse the core portlets in your own applications.

cost

A metric assigned to a circuit that determines the likelihood of traffic being routed over that circuit.

cost center

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, an Organizational Role object used to record users' software package purchase charges against the users' organizations. A cost center must have at least one budget holder who is responsible for approving or denying charges against the cost center.

Country

Short for "Country object."

Country object

An optional container object that designates one country where network sites are located. The object is used to organize other eDirectory objects within that object. For example: US. This object is always found at the top of the eDirectory tree (directly below the [Root] object). This object is not often used, but it is available for compliance with the X.500 standard.

CP

1. connection processor

2. copy protected

3. command processor

4. control point: A component of a node that manages resources of that node and optionally provides services to other nodes in the network. In a type 2.1 (T2.1) advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) node, the CP also provides services to adjacent end nodes in the T2.1 network.

5. code page: A table that lists the possible combinations for a character set used by a computer. For example, a DOS code page that defines the extended ASCII character set consists of 256 character combinations, using an 8-bit code. Unicode, using a 16-bit code, allows up to 65,536 unique characters. Separate code pages apply to different languages.

CPNAME

control point name

An operand in a Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) definition statement coded with the network-qualified name of a control point (CP). A control point name consists of a network ID qualifier identifying the network to which the CP's node belongs, and a unique name identifying the CP. Each APPN or low-entry networking (LEN) node has one control point name.
Control point name identifies a Type 2.1 node with a subset of system services control point (SSCP) functions that allow LU6.2 sessions to be activated, controlled, and deactivated.

In NetWare Link/SNA, CPNAME corresponds to the Peripheral Node Control Point Name parameter.

CPU

Central Processing Unit

The most powerful microprocessor chip in your computer. The actual CPU is about 1.5 inches square, yet it is the most critical part of the computer. Having a fast CPU (measured in MegaHertz) greatly aids in the overall speed of your computer.

Sometimes the term CPU is used to describe the whole box that contains the chip (along with the motherboard, expansion cards, disk drives, power supply, and so on). In this sense, it comprises the part of the computer apart from the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

Sometimes referred to as the heart or the brains of a traditional computer. The CPU coordinates all activity in the machine by following a precise set of instructions--the software.

cracker

A person who attempts to gain unauthorized access to a computer system, often for malicious purposes. The term was coined by hackers to defend against misuse of "hacker."

A cracker engages in one or more of the following:

1. Breaks into a computer system

2. Figures out ways to bypass security or license protection in software

3. Intentionally breaches computer security

crawled index

The file type used when indexing a Web server. The term "crawled" indicates that while indexing a Web server, NetWare Web Search crawls hypertext links until it reaches a dead end. After it is created, the new index can be used for searching out content on the targeted Web servers.

See also file system index.

CRC

1. cyclic redundancy check: A sophisticated checksum algorithm used to detect packet transmission errors. The CRC is built into each Ethernet frame as an error-checking value to ensure data integrity.

2. camera-ready copy

Create right

1. A file system right that grants the ability to create new files or subdirectories, or to salvage a file after it has been deleted.

2. An eDirectory object right that allows the trustee to create a new object below the current object in the tree. This right is available only for objects, such as containers and volumes, that can have subordinates.

cron

Cron is a program (a daemon) that runs in the background on a Linux system and periodically completes tasks you assign to it. Cron "wakes up" every second or so and checks to see if there are any jobs for it to do, and does them. A crontab file defines which jobs cron completes.

cross-post

A link to an article in an Internet discussion group. If an article is posted simultaneously to multiple discussion groups, only one copy of the article is stored in the spool. The other copies, known as cross-posts, are links to the main article.

CS

Certificate signer

The trusted certificate source responsible for digitally signing certificates. In ZENworks, this can be a local source, in which case the certificate is valid only within the context of the ZENworks family of products.

CSL

call support layer
The software module that provides a general-purpose interface for controlling wide area network (WAN) calls. Call control refers to a set of actions taken to establish, maintain, and disconnect a WAN connection.

CSR

1. customer support representative

2. control and status register

3. certificate signing request: An electronic document that contains distinguishing information about a Web server or service and its associated organization. A CSR must be submitted to a certificate authority (CA) in order to receive a certificate for a service. When an external certificate authority is used, the CSR must be submitted to the CA to be digitally signed.

4. cell missequenced ratio

5. continuous speech recognition

CSR

Certificate Signing Request
An electronic document that contains distinguishing information about a Web server or service and its associated organization. A CSR must be submitted to a certificate authority (CA) in order to receive a certificate for a service.

When an external certificate authority is used, the CSR must be submitted to the CA to be digitally signed. When an internal certificate authority is used, the certificate is valid only within the context of the ZENworks family of products.

CSU

1. channel service unit: A digital signal processing device used to connect an external digital channel (such as a T-1, DDS, or Switched 56 line) to a multiplexer or to another device that produces a digital signal (such as a digital PBX or a PC).

At the customer's end of the telephone connection, CSUs perform much the same function for digital circuits that modems provide for analog connections. A CSU performs certain line-coding, line-conditioning, equalization, and monitoring functions, including transmit and receive filtering, signal shaping, longitudinal balance, voltage isolation, and remote loopback testing for digital transmission.

2. control service units

3. customer setup: Hardware that is designed to be set up by the customer.

CTLD

controller description

In AS/400, an object that contains a description of the characteristics of a controller that is attached to the system or a communication line.

CTS

1. clear to send: A control signal generated by data communications equipment (DCE) to indicate that it can transmit data.

2. creation time stamp: A NetWare server attribute.

3. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A disorder that afflicts those who use their wrist in repetitive actions on a regular basis, including typists, computer workers, and some sports players and musicians. Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include numbness, burning, tingling, and wrist and hand pain.

CUG

closed user group

A facility that allows the configuration of one or more virtual private networks within a larger public network. It allows a user to collect a number of DTEs (data terminal equipment) into a single logical group, and restricts the ability of the group to receive incoming calls from or make outgoing calls to the restricted "open" portion of the network. The number of CUGs is network-dependent. A single DTE can belong to one or more CUGs.

cumulative policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, ZENworks Handheld Management, and ZENworks Server Management, policies that allow multiples of the same policy to be in effect when multiple policy packages are distributed to desktops, handheld devices, or servers. For example, the changes from a Text File Changes policy distributed to a server could be accumulated with a differently configured Text File Changes policy changes also distributed to the server. All of the text file changes from both policies would be effective for the server.

Current Budget Holder gadget

In ZENworks Web Self-Service, an OnDemand Services gadget used to select which budget holder is the currently active budget holder for a cost center. The gadget is also used to add or remove budget holders.

current context

A user's current location in an eDirectory tree, as reported by the Novell Client software.

cursor

A block or underline character that marks the place for text input.

custom device module

The driver component in the NetWare Peripheral Architecture (NPA) used to drive specific storage devices attached to the host adapter.

Custom Map

In ZENworks Server Management, enables you to create and delete custom atlases and custom containers and group nodes in containers. You can also create a hierarchy of objects in an atlas.

Custom Scan Editor

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a tool that allows administrators to add new applications for scanning by the inventory scanner.

cyclic redundancy check

A sophisticated checksum algorithm used to detect packet transmission errors. The CRC is built into each Ethernet frame as an error checking value to ensure data integrity.

cylinder

In computer storage, the set of tracks on a multi-headed disk that may be accessed without head movement. That is, the collection of disk tracks which are the same distance from the spindle about which the disks rotate. Each such group forms the shape of a cylinder. Placing information that is likely to be accessed at the same time in cylinders reduces the access time significantly because head movement (seeking) is slow compared to disk rotation and switching between heads.

D top

D-bit

delivery confirmation bit

A component of a user packet. If set to 1, it specifies that an end-to-end acknowledgment is sent by the receiving data terminal equipment (DTE) to the sending DTE. This acknowledges the receipt of a complete packet sequence. If set to 0, it specifies local delivery acknowledgment.

DAC

A Web application for administrative tasks such as configuring parameters; managing security access to portal objects; inspecting components, pages, and styles; and managing user profiles. The DAC uses the services of the Portal subsystem. The DAC provides a simple point of access for administration. When you launch the DAC, you have access to all administration tools:

* Portal Management
* Portlet Management
* User Profile Management
* General Configuration
* Security Management
* Directory Management
* Content Management
* Workflow Administration

daemon

A networking program that performs a housekeeping or maintenance utility function without being called by the user. A daemon sits in the background and is activated only when needed.

For example, the update daemon wakes up every thirty seconds or so to flush the buffer cache, and the sendmail daemon awakes whenever someone sends mail. As another example, the HTTP daemon (httpd) answers HTTP requests.

The Linux operating system uses a large number of daemons.

Generally pronounced DEE-muhn.

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

The U.S. government agency that funded the ARPANET, which was the forerunner of the Internet created during the cold war. ARPANET was designed by its founders to be a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack.

ARPANET's founders designed it so that authority was distributed over a large number of geographically dispersed computers. This concept of a computer network with distributed authority is the basis of the Internet. Theoretically, if 90% of the Internet were destroyed by nuclear attack, the remaining servers would be able to continue on.

data bit

In asynchronous transmission, any of the bits that actually comprise the data. Usually, 7 or 8 bits are grouped together.

Serial communication sends information in a stream of bits called a frame. Each frame consists of a start bit, data bits, an optional parity bit, and a stop bit. The parity bit is set to 0 or 1 so that the sum of the data bits is even or odd.

data circuit-terminating equipment

1. A variant of "data communications equipment."

data communications equipment

Any communications device that establishes, maintains, and terminates the connection with another device.

In the RS-232-C standard developed by Electronic Industries Association, the two types of devices are data terminal equipment (DTE), typically personal computers or data terminals, and data communications equipment (DCE), typically modems and printers. They are differentiated by their wiring of pins 2 and 3.

NetWare Link/X.25 requires a DTE/DCE pair to operate.

data compression

A method of reducing the amount of data used to represent the original information by eliminating redundancy, such as repeated characters or data sequences.

data export descriptor

A descriptor in XML format, used with the Content Management System Administration Console (CMSAC), that configures the export process and specifies which documents and infrastructural elements to export from your repository. Use of the data export descriptor (DED) is optional.

data fork

The part of a Macintosh file that contains information (data) specified by the user. A Macintosh file contains two parts, the data fork and the resource fork.

data import descriptor

A descriptor in XML format, used with the Content Management System Administration Console (CMSAC), that configures the import process and specifies where to place the imported folders and documents in your repository. If you are working with content that has been previously exported through the PMC, a data import descriptor will be present in the export archive. If you are creating your import data outside the PMC, you must supply the data import descriptor (DID).

Data Management

ZENworks Data Management

The ZENworks capability, powered by Novell iFolder, that allows users to save files to a network storage location so they can be accessed and coordinated from multiple locations inside and outside the network.

data migration

The transfer of inactive data from a NetWare volume to tape, optical disk, or other near-line or offline storage media. Data migration lets an administrator move data to a storage device, while NetWare still sees the data as residing on the volume.

data migrator

A system for moving files from the volume to a storage device.

data protection

A means of ensuring that data on the network is safe. NetWare protects data primarily by maintaining duplicate file directories and by redirecting data from bad blocks to reliable blocks on the NetWare server's hard disk.

data rate

The speed at which data bits are transmitted and received. The data rate is usually measured in bits per second (bps).

data set

A compilation of related information. Data sets can contain different items, depending on which target service agent (TSA) they are related to.

data stream

A sequence of bytes. This term is used rather than "file" to describe a byte sequence that is only a portion of a file. A single file can have multiple streams of data associated with it. The various data streams can be opened and read independently of each other. The primary data stream of a file is directly associated with the file object itself. All data files, by default, have a primary data stream. All additional secondary data streams are identified by a unicode data stream name which further qualifies the file name. A NULL data stream name identifies the primary data stream. An example of a data stream would be the Macintosh Resource Fork, "MAC_RF", which is a separate stream of data (containing icons) that is associated with a Macintosh file. There are two name types supported for data streams. The data stream names follow the naming semantics used by Windows 95/98/NT.

data terminal equipment

Any communications device that receives signals from data communications equipment (DCE) devices in a packet-switched network.

In the RS-232-C standard developed by Electronic Industries Association, the two types of communications devices are data terminal equipment (DTE), typically personal computers or data terminals, and data communications equipment (DCE), typically modems and printers. They are differentiated by their wiring of pins 2 and 3.

data-link connection identifier

The 10-bit routing address of the virtual circuit at either the User-Network Interface (UNI) or the Network-Network Interface (NNI). It allows the user and network management to identify the frame as being from a particular permanent virtual circuit (PVC). The DLCI is used for multiplexing several PVCs over one physical link.

data-link control

Protocols, used by nodes on a data link, that govern the exchange of packet information, including destination address, source address, and control information.

data-link control layer

In the Systems Network Architecture (SNA) model, the layer that consists of the link stations that schedule data transfer over a link between two nodes and that perform error control for the link.

data-link layer

The second of seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The data-link layer is involved in packaging and addressing information, and in controlling the flow of separate transmissions over communication lines.

database

A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose. (A telephone book is a common database.) A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.

The term database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a database management system (DBMS). They are not equivalent. A database is a store of data that describe entities and the relationships between the entities. A database management system is the software mechanism for managing that data.

Database Object Editor

In ZENworks Server Management, a supplement to the discovery system. Sometimes auto-discovery might not discover devices on your network, or might display incorrect information of the devices on your network. You can use Database Object Editor to add the missing entities into the database or to edit incorrect information of the entities.

database pageflow

A pageflow that gives the user a way to find, display, and modify records in a database. exteNd Director provides the Database Page Flow Wizard to help you create database pageflows. The Database pageflow Wizard generates a set of forms (XHTML pages that use XForms technology) as well as one or more pageflow processes that tie the forms together into a simple database application. This application provides a convenient and easy-to-use interface for accessing one or more database tables.

Database server

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a server where the Inventory or Management and Monitoring Services database is running. The database can run on an Inventory or a Management Site server or on a different server.

datagram

A data transmission packet used in connectionless mode communication. Datagrams are independent of each other in that the receiver is able to reconstitute a message without any dependency on the order in which packets are received. In general, datagrams are not acknowledged.

Datagram Delivery Protocol

An AppleTalk protocol that provides best-effort socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams across an AppleTalk internet.

Dataphone Digital Service

The AT&T four-wire, digital communications service that operates at speeds from 2,400 bps to 56 Kbps on a point-to-point connection.

Dc

Short for "Don't Compress attribute."

DC

1. direct current

2. data communications

DCE

1. data circuit-terminating equipment: A variant of "data communications equipment."

2. data communications equipment: Any communications device that establishes, maintains, and terminates the connection with another device.
In the RS-232-C standard developed by Electronic Industries Association, the two types of devices are data terminal equipment (DTE), typically personal computers or data terminals, and data communications equipment (DCE), typically modems and printers. They are differentiated by their wiring of pins 2 and 3. NetWare Link/X.25 requires a DTE/DCE pair to operate.

3. distributed computing environment: An architecture or integrated set of services, originally developed by Open Software Foundation (OSF), Inc. DCE enables engineers to develop distributed applications to be used on heterogeneous networks. After OSF requested distributed computing technology from industry partners, DCE was augmented by several established technologies from Digital Equipment Corporation. The added technologies included Cell Directory Service (CDS), Distributed Time Service (DTS), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and Threads Service.

DDC

Direct Display Channel
Communication standard between the monitor and the graphics card, which transmits various parameters, such as monitor name or resolution, to the graphics card.

DDP

1. distributed data processing

2. Datagram Delivery Protocol: An AppleTalk protocol that provides best-effort socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams across an AppleTalk internet.

DDS

1. Dataphone Digital Service: The AT&T four-wire, digital communications service that operates at speeds from 2,400 bps to 56 kbps on a point-to-point connection.

2. digital data service

3. digital data standard

4. digital data storage

5. distributed directory service

DDU

Dynamic DeFrame User

DeFrame functionality that enables on-the-fly creation and management of terminal server user accounts. When DeFrame software was moved from ZENworks OnDemand Services to ZENworks for Desktops (beginning with version 4.0.1), DDU functionality was removed and replaced by ZENworks for Desktops Dynamic Local User policies. The last version of DeFrame to provide DDU functionality was DeFrame 2.0.1, included with ZENworks OnDemand Services 2.

DE

Discard Eligibility

In frame relay technology, the bit set by the end node that, when set and supported by the frame relay network, allows frames to be discarded in preference to other frames when a network is congested.

Debug subsystem

Provides a simple reporting facility to help you troubleshoot deployed exteNd Director applications. Debug is a Web application that lets you browse to reports about exteNd Director (subsystem) resources, HTTP (servlet and JSP) resources, JNDI resources, and SilverStream archive resources.

debugger

A tool used by developers to identify errors in a program in order to facilitate their removal.

decision node

See case.

decorator

In the portal Web tier, a Java class that decorates the dynamic content generated by a portal component. The decorator for a portal component controls the appearance of the title bar, body, and footer for the component. The component data (the dynamic content) is inserted in the body of the component.

DED

See data export descriptor.

default drive

The drive a workstation is using. The drive prompt, such as A> or F>, identifies the current drive.

default rights

Rights that are automatically conferred upon a User object by the NetWare security system. Default rights for different objects are as follows:

default server

1. An eDirectory property called Host Server that is mandatory for Volume and User objects.

2. In the case of Volume objects, it's the server the physical volume is attached to.

3. The server the User object is logged into during login if the user doesn't request a connection to a specific server. It's also the server used if the user makes a network request without naming the server, and it's the server to which the user still has an attachment after logging out.

4. The server a user attaches to when the NetWare Requester loads. The default server is the preferred server specified in the user's net.cfg file. Also, the server the current drive is mapped to. This applies to versions of NetWare before NetWare 5.

default zone

The zone name that has been designated for all devices on a network to be associated with by default.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

The U.S. government agency that funded the ARPANET, which was the forerunner of the Internet created during the cold war. ARPANET was designed by its founders to be a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack.

ARPANET's founders designed it so that authority was distributed over a large number of geographically dispersed computers. This concept of a computer network with distributed authority is the basis of the Internet. Theoretically, if 90% of the Internet were destroyed by nuclear attack, the remaining servers would be able to continue on.

definition statement

1. In Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM), the statement that describes an element of the network.

2. In Network Control Program (NCP), a type of instruction that defines a resource to the NCP.

defragmentation

The process of rewriting parts of a file to contiguous sectors on a hard disk drive. Defragmentation is done to increase disk speed access and retrieval. For example, when files are updated, updates are typically saved on the largest continuous space on the hard disk, often on a different sector than other parts of the file. When files are fragmented like this, a computer must search the entire hard disk each time the file is opened to locate all of its parts, which slows down response time considerably. Routine disk defragmentation is recommended.

DeFrame

In ZENworks for Desktops, the software component that enables delivery of thin-client applications to users.

DeFrame Dynamic User

DeFrame functionality that enables on-the-fly creation and management of terminal server user accounts. When DeFrame software was moved from ZENworks OnDemand Services to ZENworks for Desktops (beginning with version 4.0.1), DDU functionality was removed and replaced by ZENworks for Desktops Dynamic Local User policies. The last version of DeFrame to provide DDU functionality was DeFrame 2.0.1, included with ZENworks OnDemand Services 2.

delay

The time it takes to send a byte of data from one system to another.

Delete Inhibit

Short for "Delete Inhibit attribute."

Delete Inhibit attribute

A file system attribute that prevents a directory or file from being deleted or erased, even if a user has the Erase right. This attribute is automatically set and removed when the Read Only attribute is set and removed.

Delete right

The ability to delete an object from the eDirectory tree.

Delete Self right

A property right that grants a trustee the ability to remove itself as a value of the property.

delimiter

A character, symbol, or code that marks the beginning or end of an item such as a command or command parameter, sentence, paragraph, page, record, field, or word. Delimiters used in NetWare include the comma (,), the period (.), the slash (/), the backslash (), the hyphen (-), and the colon (:).
Also used in "dynamic delimiter" to refer to a character that expands to enclose part of an equation.

delivery confirmation bit

A component of a user packet. If set to 1, it specifies that an end-to-end acknowledgment is sent by the receiving data terminal equipment (DTE) to the sending DTE. This acknowledges the receipt of a complete packet sequence. If set to 0, it specifies local delivery acknowledgment.

delta scan

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an inventory scan that reports only the changes that have been made since the last scan.

demilitarized zone

In networking, an area of an organization's network which is open to the public over the Internet and is separated from the organization's private network by a firewall. The resources in the demilitarized zone are typically Web servers and are often outsourced by the organization to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) which locates the DMZ at the ISP's point of presence (POP).

denial of service

Curtailing or denial of service when a network is flooded with traffic because the systems cannot respond normally. This is a favorite technique of network saboteurs.

On the Internet, a denial of service (DoS) attack is an incident in which a user or organization is deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have. Typically, the loss of service is the inability of a particular network service, such as email, to be available or the temporary loss of all network connectivity and services. In the worst cases, for example, a Web site accessed by millions of people can occasionally be forced to temporarily cease operation. A denial of service attack can also destroy programming and files in a computer system. Although usually intentional and malicious, a denial of service attack can sometimes happen accidentally. A denial of service attack is a type of security breach to a computer system that does not usually result in the theft of information or other security loss. However, these attacks can cost the target person or company a great deal of time and money.

dependencies

Requirements that must be met for something else to occur. If software B must be installed for software A to run, software A is dependent on software B, and software B is a dependency of software A. Dependencies and their dependent software may be products, components, or packages.

When referring to packages, dependencies are requirements that exist between packages. For example, package foo may require files that are installed by package bar. In this example, bar must be installed, or else foo will have unresolved dependencies.

deployment descriptor

A J2EE descriptor in XML format that defines parameters of the application. When appropriate, server-specific deployment information lets you provide runtime values for these parameters.

deployment information

Server-specific information that you provide when you deploy a J2EE archive. The deployment information can provide or change values for parameters defined in the J2EE deployment descriptor. Each application server specifies how deployment information should be provided; see deployment plan.

deployment plan

An XML file specifying deployment information for an archive deployed to the Novell exteNd Application Server. exteNd Director provides an editor for Novell deployment plans.

deposit object

An entity in the Novell Storage Services (NSS) object bank, such as storage free space or a CD-ROM, that has been recognized by an NSS provider.

descriptor

A file, usually in XML format, that specifies configuration data. Each object in an exteNd Director resource set has one or more descriptors that specify values for that object's attributes. Each type of resource has its own descriptor format.

designated primary server

The master primary server that services a primary zone; it is the only primary server of the zone that will update the zone information. It will also honor zone transfers. There is only one designated primary server per zone.

Designated Router

The router in a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) network that represents its network. It is responsible for exchanges of link state information on behalf of all other NLSP routers in the same LAN. Its two main functions are to

1. Originate Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) on behalf of the network segment.

2. Establish an adjacency relationship to all other routers on the network segment.

NLSP elects the Designated Router by determining which router on the network has the highest priority number. A network administrator can configure the priority number value to determine which router is elected and which router remains the Designated Router.

designated secondary server

The master secondary server that services a secondary zone; it is the only secondary server of the zone that will perform zone transfer requests to the primary server of the zone. The designated secondary server answers queries to the zone and honors zone transfer requests to the zone. There is only one designated secondary server per zone.

desktop

A desktop system is a computer designed to sit in one position on a desk somewhere and not move around. Most general-purpose computers are desktop systems. Calling a system a desktop implies nothing about its platform.

Can also refer to the area on your computer screen on which icons for your hard drive, files, disks, and applications appear. Often items which are downloaded from the Web land on your Desktop.

desktop application

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an application that is either installed and run on a user workstation or installed to a network server and run on a user workstation.

Desktop Application Distribution

In ZENworks Server Management, a Distribution that has been configured to distribute application objects (created in ZENworks Desktop Management) and their associated files to Subscriber servers.

Desktop DNA

An application produced by Miramar Systems and used in conjunction with ZENworks Desktop Management to migrate users' accounts, desktop settings, network settings, printer settings, applications, application settings, files, and folders to different workstations.

Desktop Management Agent

Software installed on a workstation that users in an all-Windows environment or users located outside of the corporate network firewall can use to log in to and authenticate their workstations to Novell eDirectory using any port over HTTP or port 443 over HTTPS.

Users can forego the use of the Novell Client if you install the Desktop Management Agent with ZENworks Desktop Management. However, if you still want users to use the Novell Client, it will not have full ZENworks Desktop Management 6.5 functionality unless the ZENworks 6.5 Desktop Management Agent is also installed.

Desktop Management Interface

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, an industry-standard specification that the inventory scanner can use when looking for components on inventoried workstations or inventoried servers.

desktop manager

Software that allows you to automate the setup, updating, healing, and migration of desktop devices and the services they run. Novell ZENworks for Desktops is an example of a desktop manager.

desktop policies

In ZENworks Desktop Management, policies that affect the appearance and functionality of a workstation's desktop.

Desktop Preferences policy

Windows Desktop Preferences policy
In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that lets administrators enable roaming profiles and apply desktop settings. This policy is contained in the User package.

Desktop Synchronization Integration Software

In ZENworks Handheld Management, software that is required on machines where handheld devices cradle or synchronize using Microsoft ActiveSync or Palm HotSync. The Desktop Synchronization Integration software is also required on machines if you want to use ZENworks Handheld Management to distribute software to BlackBerry devices. The Desktop Synchronization Integration software is required for Palm OS devices that do not support TCP/IP communications.

destination address

In data communications, a code included in a transmission that specifies the location of the intended recipient of the transmission.

destination node

In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, either of the nodes that represent the host computers at each end of a connection. In a packet-switching network, the node attached to the data terminal equipment (DTE) that is receiving the data.

destination node address

In NetWare Link/SNA, the media access control (MAC) address of the node to which the NetWare server is attached. This parameter corresponds to the Token Interface Card (TIC) address, the MACADDR in the PORT statement for a 937X attachment, the value assigned to Question 900 of a 3174 customization, or the ADPTADR parameter in an AS.400 line description.

destination SAP

destination service access point

In NetWare Link/SNA, the 2-digit service access point (SAP) number for the network node to which the NetWare server is connected.

destination server

The NetWare server to which data files, bindery files, and other information are migrated from a previous NetWare version or another network operating system during upgrade.

destination service access point

In NetWare Link/SNA, the 2-digit service access point (SAP) number for the network node to which the NetWare server is connected.

DET

directory entry table

A table on every network volume that records directory entries for each file on the volume. The table, stored in the server's memory, enables quick access to the location of every file.

device

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a physical or logical device (such as a printer, scanner, mouse, or joystick) that is accessible from the operating environment.

device driver

Software program that controls how a computer communicates with a device such as a printer, CD-ROM, monitor display, or network interface card. For example, a printer driver translates information from the computer into information the printer can understand.

device hiding filter

A type of filter that restricts access to devices and their services by filtering out the packets that advertise the services. These filters keep applications from discovering the location of devices, but do not restrict access if applications know the device locations.

device numbering

A method of identifying a device, such as a hard disk, to allow the device to work on the network. Devices are identified by three numbers: the physical address, the device code, and the logical number.

device sharing

The shared use of resources (such as printers, modems, and disk storage space) by users or software programs.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

A TCP/IP protocol that provides static and dynamic address allocation and management. It allows a host server to assign temporary IP addresses to client stations that call the server to obtain an address.

This eliminates having to manually assign permanent IP addresses. DHCP software typically runs on servers and is also found in network devices such as ISDN routers and modem routers that allow multiple users access to the Internet.

Di

Short for "Delete Inhibit attribute."

dial-up

The most basic way to access the Internet. Dial-up uses regular telephone lines, and generally refers to the kind of connection one makes when using a terminal emulator and a regular modem. Dial-up requires an ISP (Internet Service Provider).

Dial-up is typically a lot slower than a high-speed connection like digital subscriber line (DSL). Due to technology restrictions, the maximum data transfer rate that can be achieved with a dial-up modem is limited to 56 Kbps, or 56 thousand bits per second.

dial-up line

A communications line accessible via dial-up facilities, typically the public telephone network.

DIALNO

An operand in the VTAM GROUP and PATH definition statements that identifies the telephone number (in EBCDIC) used to initiate a connection with a physical unit over a switched line.

dialog box

A small temporary window which appears on the computer screen which requires you to perform an action or select an option, or that provides you with information. For example, dialog boxes ask you questions like, "Do you want to save this document?" or "Are you sure that you want to exit this program?"

After the information has been provided, the user can close the box by clicking 'okay,' 'cancel,' 'yes,' or 'no.'

DID

See data import descriptor.

digest

In ZENworks Server Management, a compressed form of a document, or an abstract from a document, that functions as a digital signature that is unique to the particular document. It is used by the Subscriber to determine whether a Distribution has been tampered with after it left the Distributor. This provides security against data loss across routed networks. Optionally, digests can be created for each Distribution at the time it is built. However, creating digests adds time to the distribution process.

digital service unit

A device between a user's data terminal equipment (DTE) and a common carrier's digital circuits. A DSU formats data for transmission on public carrier WANs and ensures that the carrier's requirements for data formats are met.

digital signature

1. An electronic -- rather than a written -- signature that someone can use to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document. It can also be used to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been conveyed is unchanged. A digital signature can be used with any kind of message, whether it is encrypted or not, simply so the receiver can be sure that the sender is who he says he is and that the message arrived intact. A digital certificate contains the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that anyone can verify that the certificate is real.

2. Information added to digital data to authenticate the identity of the author and to make data tamper-proof. "Signing" the data entails defining a hash value for the data and encrypting with a public key. (Note that publishing a key for decryption and concealing a key for encryption is different than using the public key infrastructure data concealment method.)

Also called electronic signature.

digital video disk

A high-capacity disk format that is the same size as a CD-ROM (5 inches in diameter), but it is capable of holding between 4.7 and 17 gigabytes (compared to about 650 megabytes for a CD-ROM). The capacity of a DVD is determined by whether one or two substrates are used, and by whether information is recorded on one or two sides of the disk.

A recordable digital video disk (DVD-R) can store 3.8 gigabytes per side.

Direct Display Channel

Communication standard between the monitor and the graphics card that allows transmission of certain parameters, such as monitor name or resolution, to the graphics card.

direct I/O

Allows an application to bypass the regular cache buffer and do reads and writes directly to the file itself. Normally, all reads and writes to a file pass through a file system cache buffer, but some applications, such as database programs, may need to do their own caching.

direct-connect printer

A printer attached directly to a workstation.

Director Administration Console

Portal Management
Portlet Management
User Profile Management
General Configuration
Security Management
Directory Management
Content Management
Workflow Administration

Director Setup Wizard

A wizard for changing the configuration of your exteNd Director application. You can add subsystems from any template, and remove and disable subsystems.

directory cache

The area of server memory where the most often requested directory entries are copied from disk directory tables. This cache reduces the time it takes to determine a file's location on the disk.

directory entry

Information in a server's directory entry table (DET) that pertains to a single file or directory, including the name, owner, date and time of last update, first six trustee assignments, and location of the first data block.

directory entry table

A table on every network volume that records directory entries for each file on the volume. The table, stored in the server's memory, enables quick access to the location of every file.

Directory Map

Short for "Directory Map object."

Directory Map object

In the eDirectory tree, a leaf object that represents a path on a volume. It allows users to map a drive to a resource without knowing its physical location. If the path to the resource changes, only the Directory Map needs to be updated; users' MAP commands stay the same.

directory path

The full specification that includes server name, volume name, and name of each directory leading to a file system directory. The position of a file within the file system is its directory path.

directory rights

Rights that control what a trustee can do with a directory.

directory services

A network service that provides information about an entity of interest. It is like an electronic phone book to help network clients find services. There are several designs, including the X.500 standard, the Domain Name System, and eDirectory.

eDirectory is a global, distributed, replicated database built into NetWare that maintains information about every resource on the network. It enables centralized management of networks of any size, and has a hierarchical, tree-like structure.

Directory Services Trace

A troubleshooting aid to help debug problems with eDirectory and projects that utilize Novell Directory Services (NDS).

Directory structure

A hierarchical structure that represents how partitions are related to each other in the Directory database.

directory structure

The filing system of volumes, directories, and files that the NetWare server uses to organize data on its hard disks.

Directory subsystem

Provides services for managing user authentication. Directory works with your application server's security realms to check user IDs and passwords and add users to the realm.

dirty cache block

A unit of measure in memory where a file block is waiting to be written to disk after having been changed.

dirty cache buffer

A location in memory where a file block is waiting to be written to disk after having been changed. Holding data in cache buffers ensures faster read and write performance.

dirty hit

A request for a disk block that is already in cache but is "dirty." A dirty cache block contains updated data that must be written to disk before the data can be used.

DirXML

Now known as Nsure Identity Manager. Data-sharing and synchronization software that leverages eDirectory to synchronize, transform, and distribute information across applications, databases, and directories.

With Nsure Identity Manager, you can manage the full user lifecycle -- deliver first-day access to essential resources, synchronize multiple passwords into a single login, modify or revoke access rights instantly, and even support compliance with government regulations. Nsure Identity Manager also provides self-service features that enable users to maintain their own passwords and profile information.

Discard Eligibility

In frame relay technology, the bit set by the end node that, when set and supported by the frame relay network, allows frames to be discarded in preference to other frames when a network is congested.

disconnected mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Novell Application Launcher (NAL) method of operation where a workstation is not connected to Novell eDirectory but can access applications that have been cached locally.

discovery

In ZENworks Server Management, the process of determining the topology of your network, including devices, segments, and systems.

Discovery Configuration Utility

In ZENworks Server Management, used to change the discovery configuration.

discussion group

A collection of articles on a similar topic kept on one or more Internet news servers.

discussion group replication

The process by which two or more Internet news servers exchange articles and share information. Servers can accept discussion groups, send discussion groups, or both.

disk accelerator

See cache.

Disk Adapter Locks

A tracked resource displayed in 3.12 MONITOR NLM screens, which tracks loadable modules that need to know about disk adapters, controllers, or host bus adapters.

disk controller

A hardware device that controls how data is written to and retrieved from the disk drive. The disk controller sends signals to the disk drive's logic board to regulate the movement of the head as it reads data from or writes data to the disk.

disk driver

Software that transfers or interprets commands between the operating system and the hard disk. The disk driver communicates through an adapter connected by an internal cable to the disk drive.

disk duplexing

Duplicating data on two hard disks using separate controllers and separate disk channels. If the original disk or channel fails, the duplicate disk takes over automatically.

disk mirroring

Duplicating data on two separate hard disks using the same disk channel. If the original disk fails, the duplicate disk takes over automatically, without loss of data. If the disk channel fails, however, neither disk is accessible.

disk partition

In NetWare, a logical division of a server hard disk, or volume.

Disk QoS

Disk Quality of Service

A feature of the NetWare MultiMedia Server component provided by Continuous Media File System (CMFS) for efficient disk management. It ensures that there is no break while transferring multimedia data to the program, it allows multiple file accesses, and it delivers data at a guaranteed rate while sharing a single disk drive.

disk space restrictions

Restrictions that network administrators can use to set the following:

The maximum disk space a user (or other eDirectory object) can use on a particular volume
The maximum disk space that can be in a particular directory and its subdirectories

Both user and directory disk space restrictions can be made in units of either 512 or 4096 bytes.

disk subsystem

An external unit that attaches to the NetWare server and contains hard disk drives, a tape drive, optical drives, or any combination of these. A disk subsystem increases server storage capacity.

diskette

A removable computer storage medium consisting of a plastic shell that contains a disk covered with a magnetic coating. Diskettes commonly in use with PCs are 3.5 inch with 1.44 megabytes of storage space; these may be used in the A or B drives of compatible computers.

dispersion

A measure, in seconds, of how scattered the time offsets have been from a given time server.

display style

In the Content Management subsystem, a group of specifications for the look and feel of a document. A single display style can encompass multiple XSL specifications for rendering a document. The individual XSL style sheets can be associated with particular user agents, such as Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

See also style sheet (XSL).

distance vector

Short for "distance vector algorithm."

distance vector algorithm

An algorithm that finds best-path routes among routers by calculating total distance over which a packet would travel on each alternative route. Usually the shortest distance is the preferred route, but different routing levels, if defined, are considered as well.

Distance vector algorithms are included in ISO's Interdomain Routing Protocol (IDRP), and routing information protocols (RIPs) in both TCP/IP and in IPX/SPX.

distance vector protocol

A protocol that uses the distance vector algorithm. Examples include IP RIP, IPX RIP, and Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP).

distance vector router

A router that uses the distance vector algorithm to exchange information about accessible networks. A router using the distance vector algorithm maintains only enough information to know how to reach the next router destination (hop) on the network. Distance vector routers periodically forward this information to each other, even if the information has not changed since the last update.

distinguished name

A Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) distinguished name (DN) is an LDAP entry that identifies and describes an authorized user for an LDAP server.

Distinguished names consist of the name of the entry itself as well as the names, in order from bottom to top, of the objects above it in the directory. LDAP supports only one format for a distinguished name: typeful with commas as the delimiter. For example:

CN=JRoss, OU=HR, O=Acme

distribute

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, to make an application available to users on their workstations. A distribution might install application files to a user's workstation, or it might make a Web application or a terminal server application available as a shortcut on the user's desktop.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, to send a Distribution file from a Distributor server to a Subscriber server.

distributed Application object

In ZENworks Server Management, the Application object that is created by the Subscriber server receiving a Desktop Application Distribution, using the information from the golden Application object used to configure the Distribution. Distributed Application objects are not identical copies of golden application objects; their configurations are affected by the environment where they are created.

Distributed Lock

The locking of files in a distribution package prior to its distribution. An attempt is made to lock all files in an archive prior to its extraction and distribution. If all files can be locked, the extraction will execute. If not, the extraction and distribution will fail.

Distributed Management Task Force

An industry organization leading the development, adoption, and unification of management standards and initiatives for desktop, enterprise, and Internet environments.

Distributed Server Package

In ZENworks Server Management, a policy package containing policies that are distributed to Subscriber servers for enforcement.

Distribution

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, a scheduled event that allows administrators to manage how application software packages are sent to a workstation. A distribution might install application files to a user's workstation, or it might make a Web application or a terminal server application available as a shortcut on the user's desktop.

2. In ZENworks Handheld Management, a scheduled event that allows administrators to manage how software packages are sent to handheld devices.

distribution rules

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the set of requirements that a workstation must meet before Novell Application Launcher (NAL) will distribute the application to the workstation. Distribution rules support the use of AND/OR boolean operators and grouping of rules to provide flexible distribution conditions.

Distributor

1. In ZENworks Server Management, a configurable eDirectory object (TED Distributor) that represents the server where the Distributor software is installed.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, a server where the Distributor software is installed. This server uses the Distributor Agent software to build Distribution files from configurations in Distribution objects and then sends these compressed files to Subscriber servers.

Distributor Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, software which does the following:

Builds distributions based on the information contained in the Distribution objects that are associated with the Distributor
Reads eDirectory for all Tiered Electronic Distribution (TED) configuration information
Sends distributions to subscribers

DLC

data-link control

Protocols, used by nodes on a data link, that govern the exchange of packet information, including destination address, source address, and control information.

DLCI

data-link connection identifier

The 10-bit routing address of the virtual circuit at either the User-Network Interface (UNI) or the Network-Network Interface (NNI). It allows the user and network management to identify the frame as being from a particular permanent virtual circuit (PVC). The DLCI is used for multiplexing several PVCs over one physical link.

DLU policy

Dynamic Local User policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that lets user accounts on Windows NT/2000/XP Professional workstations, 2000/2003 servers, and terminal servers be automatically managed (created, configured, and removed) when users log in to the Windows machine and authenticate to eDirectory. The Dynamic Local User policy is contained in the User package.

Dm

Short for "Don't Migrate attribute."

DM

data migrator

A system for moving files from the volume to a storage device.

DMI

Desktop Management Interface

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, an industry-standard specification that the inventory scanner can use when looking for components on inventoried workstations or inventoried servers.

DMTF

Distributed Management Task Force

An industry organization leading the development, adoption, and unification of management standards and initiatives for desktop, enterprise, and Internet environments.

DNS

1. DaVinci Names Service: A DaVinci product that provides email directory services.

2. distributed name services

3. Domain Name System: A distributed database system that converts name-based addresses to TCP/IP addresses and vice versa for computers on a network or on the Internet.

DNS domain

A group of networked computers under common Domain Name System (DNS) management. Domains can be determined by logical grouping instead of physical location. The domain naming scheme reflects the structure of the DNS hierarchy.

DNS label

Domain Name System label

The name of a single hierarchical level in a DNS domain name. For example, the name iad.novell.com is made up of three labels: iad, novell, and com.

DNS name server

A server that contains a database of information about hosts in one or more Domain Name System (DNS) domains and makes this information available to DNS clients, or resolvers, throughout the network.

DNS zone

A part of the Domain Name System (DNS) name space for which a name server has complete information. A DNS zone contains the domain names and data contained in a domain, except for domain names and data delegated elsewhere.

DNS-NDS

A collection of Domain Name System-Novell Directory Services (DNS-NDS) servers that cooperatively service a given DNS domain.

DNS-NDS server

A single NetWare server running the DNS-NDS NetWare Loadable Module (NLM).

document

The cornerstone of the Content Management subsystem, and the smallest unit of content in a portal application. You can create simple (standalone) documents, hierarchical documents (such as discussion threads), and compound documents (such as reports with linked attachments). The Content Management subsystem supports documents in any format that can be digitized.

document type

In the Content Management subsystem, the basic classification mechanism for documents. As part of the document type, you define the fields and display styles you want to apply to content.

DOMAIN

Distributed Operating Multi-Access Interactive Network

domain

1. Short for routing domain.

2. A logical group of network servers that provides extended network services, appearing to users as a single network server.

3. One of two memory segments (OS and OS_PROTECTED) in the NetWare operating system that provides memory protection. Domains allow a developer or system administrator to isolate a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) from the NetWare OS during development or testing. This feature is limited to NetWare 4.0 through 4.1.

4. A label of the Domain Name System (DNS) tree; each node on the DNS tree represents a domain. A domain is also known as a zone.

5. A group of page tables. A domain's page tables are listed in the page directory table. Page tables map the noncontiguous pages into contiguous logical address spaces.

6. In a Microsoft network, a subnetwork comprised of a group of clients and servers under the control of one security database. Dividing a Microsoft network into domains improves its performance and security.

7. A high-level organizational grouping or naming hierarchy within the Internet. Domains commonly make up part of Internet addresses. See Internet domain.

domain

In Novell GroupWise, physically, a directory structure on a server. The domain directory structure contains a group of processes, databases, and message-queue subdirectories. They are represented logically as GroupWise container objects in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) database. A domain has the following basic components: directory store, message transfer agent (MTA), administration agent (ADA), and input and output queues.

In GroupWise 5, a grouping of one or more post offices. A domain serves two main purposes:

It organizes post offices into a logical group for addressing and routing purposes within the GroupWise system.
Through eDirectory, it serves as the main administration unit for the GroupWise system.

domain name service

A component of the Domain Name System (DNS) that provides the actual name-to-IP address mapping to locate another computer on the internetwork or Internet.

domain name space

A hierarchical representation of the Domain Name System (DNS), in which the hierarchy looks like an inverted tree structure.

Domain Name System

A protocol for converting name-based addresses to IP addresses and vice versa.

Domain Name System label

DNS label

The name of a single hierarchical level in a DNS domain name. For example, the name iad.novell.com is made up of three labels: iad, novell, and com.

Domain SAP/RIP Service

A service on a NetWare/IP network that replaces IPX broadcast services. DSS servers maintain a database that provides NetWare/IP servers and clients with SAP/RIP information (service availability and routing) required by NetWare applications.

DOMAIN.NLM

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that creates a protected operating system domain in NetWare 4.0 and 4.1. Any NLM under development should be tested in this special area so errors do not corrupt the system.
This utility is not included with NetWare 4.11 because improved abend recovery options and other server operating system enhancements are more effective.

Don't Compress

Short for "Don't Compress attribute."

Don't Compress attribute

A file system attribute that prevents the file, or the files in the directory and its subdirectories, from being compressed even when the threshold set by the server is reached. In the case of a directory, individual files marked with the Immediate Compress attribute are unaffected by this attribute.

Don't Migrate

Dm

Short for "Don't Migrate attribute."

Don't Migrate attribute

A file system attribute that prevents an individual file, or the files in the directory and its subdirectories, from being migrated to a secondary storage device (such as a tape drive or optical disk) even when the threshold set by the server is reached.

Don't Suballocate

Short for "Don't Suballocate attribute."

Don't Suballocate attribute

A file system attribute that prevents an individual file from being stored in suballocated (unused) portions of disk blocks, even if suballocation is enabled for the system.

dongle

1. Refers to a little hardware key that plugs into the serial port or parallel port of a computer. The purpose of it is to ensure that only authorized users can copy or use certain software applications.

2. Also used to describe the little connector that goes from a PC card in a laptop computer to an Ethernet cable.

DoS

denial of service

Curtailing or denial of service when a network is flooded with traffic because the systems cannot respond normally. This is a favorite technique of network saboteurs.

On the Internet, a denial of service (DoS) attack is an incident in which a user or organization is deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have. Typically, the loss of service is the inability of a particular network service, such as email, to be available or the temporary loss of all network connectivity and services. In the worst cases, for example, a Web site accessed by millions of people can occasionally be forced to temporarily cease operation. A denial of service attack can also destroy programming and files in a computer system. Although usually intentional and malicious, a denial of service attack can sometimes happen accidentally. A denial of service attack is a type of security breach to a computer system that does not usually result in the theft of information or other security loss. However, these attacks can cost the target person or company a great deal of time and money.

DOS client

A workstation that boots with DOS and gains access to the network through either the NetWare DOS Requester software and its VLM programs (for NetWare 4), or a NetWare shell (for NetWare 2 and NetWare 3).

DOS device

A storage unit, usually a disk drive or tape backup unit, compatible with the DOS disk format.

DOS version

The version number and name of a specific installation of DOS software, for example, DR DOS 6.0, MS DOS 3.3, and so forth. Different machine types use different versions of DOS that are generally not compatible.

dot-matrix

A type of printer that prints by driving a set of pins onto an inked ribbon, pressing small portions of the ribbon against the paper so dots of ink appear on the paper. The dots are close together and appear to be letters or graphic shapes.

double-click

Refers to positioning the mouse pointer over an object and then pressing and releasing the mouse button twice in rapid succession. Double-clicking an object typically invokes its default operation.

downstream

Describes the direction of data flow from a logical unit (LU) residing in a VTAM (SNA node type 5) host system toward a dependent LU residing in an SNA node type 2.0 or 2.1 peripheral node. This term pertains only to SNA traffic on dependent LUs.

drift

A measure, in hertz per second, of how quickly the skew of a clock is changing.

See also skew.

drive

A device for storing and/or retrieving data. Some drives (such as disk drives, zip drives, and tape drives) are typically capable of having new data written to them, but some others (like CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs) are not. Some drives have random access (like disk drives, zip drives, CD-ROMs, and DVD-ROMs), while others only have sequential access (like tape drives).

A drive is usually designated by a letter and a colon (e.g., A:, B:, C:, and so on). the letter assigned to storage devices, and the number of available drive designations is limited to 26, A: to Z: on a PC. Physical devices such as a hard drive may be divided into logical drives by using disk partitions, so a disk that initially is shipped as a single large partition of 10 Gigabytes may be partitioned into smaller logical drives by software. The disk drive is the mechanism that spins the disks. Technically speaking, the drive spins the disks, so proper distinction would be hard disk, not hard drive.

DRIVE

The login script command that specifies which drive is the default. The format for this command is: DRIVE S:.

drive array

A category of disk arrays (two or more drives working together) that provide increased performance and various levels of error recovery and fault tolerance. RAID can be implemented in software using standard disk controllers, or it can be designed into the disk controller itself.

Also called RAID (redundant array of independent disks).

drive mapping

A pointer to a location in a directory structure, represented as a letter assigned to a directory path.

driver

A piece of software that tells the computer how to operate an external device, such as a printer, hard disk, CD-ROM drive, or scanner. For instance, you can't print unless you have a printer driver. Hard disk drivers are invisible files that are loaded into memory when you start the computer, while scanner drivers are usually plug-ins accessed from within a particular application.

A driver converts general input/output instructions from the operating system to data that the device can understand.

Drivers allow higher-level modules, such as applications, to be device- and protocol-independent (able to run on any device or protocol for which a driver is available).

Ds

Short for "Don't Suballocate attribute."

DS

1. data segment: A sequence of data elements.

2. digital service: A data transmission standard, as in DS-0.

3. directory services: A network service that provides information about an entity of interest. It is like an electronic phone book to help network clients find services. There are several designs, including the X.500 standard, the Domain Name System, and eDirectory.

DSDIAG

Short for "DS DIAGNOSTICS": a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables a network administrator to document the configuration of an eDirectory tree, to verify the health of an eDirectory tree, and to diagnose or pinpoint problems in an eDirectory tree.

DSDIAG checks information and generates reports about the eDirectory tree, partition status, and server status.

DSMERGE

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables a user to create a single eDirectory tree from two separate trees by merging them at the root. DSMERGE also enables a user to rename an eDirectory tree, to verify that all the servers in the eDirectory tree are responding properly, and to view time synchronization information.

DSREPAIR

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that allows the network administrator to repair problems in the eDirectory database on a server.

DSS

1. Domain SAP/RIP Service: A service on a NetWare/IP network that replaces IPX broadcast services. DSS servers maintain a database that provides NetWare/IP servers and clients with SAP/RIP information (service availability and routing) required by NetWare applications.

2. document and security server

3. Decision Support System: A spreadsheet-like business product that runs on mainframes.

4. DECnet System Services

5. digital signature standard

DSU

digital service unit

A device between a user's data terminal equipment (DTE) and a common carrier's digital circuits. A DSU formats data for transmission on public carrier WANs and ensures that the carrier's requirements for data formats are met.

DTE

data terminal equipment

Any communications device that receives signals from data communications equipment (DCE) devices in a packet-switched network.

In the RS-232-C standard developed by Electronic Industries Association, the two types of communications devices are data terminal equipment (DTE), typically personal computers or data terminals, and data communications equipment (DCE), typically modems and printers. They are differentiated by their wiring of pins 2 and 3.

DTE address

The X.121 address assigned to the local or remote data terminal equipment (DTE).

dual boot

The act of configuring a computer system to start more than one operating system. The name is something of a misnomer--it is possible to boot more than just the two operating systems the word "dual" implies.

dual processing

A NetWare SFT III configuration that assigns parts of the operating system (the IOEngine and the MSEngine) to separate CPUs. It is also possible to run both engines on the same CPU, but running them on separate processors is what creates a dual processing system.

Dump mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that shows information about storage devices and partitions on the computer.

duplex

To duplicate data on two hard disks using separate controllers and separate disk channels. If the original disk or channel fails, the duplicate disk takes over automatically. This provides a means of data protection.

duplexing

Short for "disk duplexing".

duplicatable

A key attribute specifying that multiple records in a file can have the same value in the key field.

DVD

digital video disk

A high-capacity disk format that is the same size as a CD-ROM (5 inches in diameter) but is capable of holding between 4.7 and 17 gigabytes (compared to about 650 megabytes for a CD-ROM). The capacity of a DVD is determined by whether one or two substrates are used, and by whether information is recorded on one or two sides of the disk.

A recordable digital video disk (DVD-R) can store 3.8 gigabytes per side.

dynamic

In Web usage, a web document that is created from a database in real-time or "on the fly" at the same time it is being viewed, providing a continuous flow of new information and giving visitors a new experience each time they visit the web site.

Dynamic web sites offer the user the ability to interact with the web site. This interaction can take place in the form of a search for products, a questionnaire that automatically posts results, or online polls. Basically, dynamic web pages and content are generated from the input of the user.

dynamic configuration

1. In networking, a means of allowing the file server to allocate memory or other resources as needed, subject to availability, while the network is running.

2. In Windows, the ability to add or remove hardware while the machine is running so that applications can recognize and adapt to the changes.

Dynamic DeFrame User

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

A TCP/IP protocol that provides static and dynamic address allocation and management. It allows a host server to assign temporary IP addresses to client stations that call the server to obtain an address.

This eliminates having to manually assign permanent IP addresses. DHCP software typically runs on servers and is also found in network devices such as ISDN routers and modem routers that allow multiple users access to the Internet.

dynamic loading

A software process that updates a deployed application with new versions of resources and code. You configure the resource set to check for new versions by specifying disk locations in the resourcePath and libPath entries and specifying a vulture interval that is greater than zero. When the vulture interval is reached in the running application, the vulture checks for new or changed files in a disk location, which it then loads into the cache. Vultures are typically used to speed testing during development.

See also resource set; vulture.

Dynamic Local User policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that lets user accounts on Windows NT/2000/XP Professional workstations, 2000/2003 servers, and terminal servers be automatically managed (created, configured, and removed) when users log in to the Windows machine and authenticate to eDirectory. The Dynamic Local User policy is contained in the User package.

E top

E1

A European communications standard used to transport 30 voice channels at 64 Kbps (for a total of 2,048 Mbps).

EAR

enterprise archive
A specialized type of JAR file, defined by the J2EE standard, used to deploy J2EE applications to J2EE application servers. An EAR file contains EJB components, a deployment descriptor, and Web archive (WAR) files for individual Web applications.

See also Web ARchive.

ECB

event control block

A structure that controls events related to the transmission and reception of IPX and SPX packets. ECBs also control the establishment and termination of SPX sessions.

eDirectory

A distributed, replicated naming service that maintains information about and provides access to a list of objects that represent network resources, such as network users, servers, printers, print queues, and applications. The directory is physically stored as a set of database files on a server. If the server hosts file system volumes, these files are on volume sys:. If no volumes are present, the directory is stored on the server's local disk.
eDirectory tightly integrates Novell Security Services for e-commerce (PKI, cryptography, and authentication services), allowing developers to build applications that can be accessed and managed across the entire network through explicit policies.

eDirectory attribute macro

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Novell Application Launcher (NAL) macro that specifies information from an eDirectory object attribute.

eDirectory Management Framework

A small, flexible framework for managing, maintaining, and monitoring eDirectory through the Internet, intranet, and extranets through wired and wireless devices. eMFrame leverages roles, which are defined in the directory, allowing organizations to present only the tasks applicable to a user.

eDirectory objects

Each object in the eDirectory tree has a name, which is determined by the value of the eDirectory schema attribute and which the object's base object class definition specifies. Currently, eDirectory has four name types that identify objects in the eDirectory tree:

1. Relative Distinguished Name
2. Name Context
3. Fully Qualified Distinguished Name
4. Partially Qualified Distinguished Name

For more information see this article.

eDirectory tree

A Directory tree that consists of eDirectory objects such as multiple levels of organizational units, users, groups, and other network resources.

effective policy

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, ZENworks Handheld Management, and ZENworks Server Management, those policies that have been configured, enabled, and associated with an object.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, those policies that have been configured, enabled, and distributed to Subscriber servers.

effective rights

The maximum actual rights that a specific client (an authenticated eDirectory object) is allowed to have to a specific file object. Effective rights do not include the file-specific rights as defined by the file attributes. The authorization system associated with a volume controls how effective rights are granted, restricted, and inherited within that volume. When a request is made to perform an operation on a file, the authorization system compares the rights needed to perform the operation against the effective rights to determine if the operation should be allowed.

EGP

Exterior Gateway Protocol

A protocol that exchanges network access information between autonomous systems. EGP is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Routers within each autonomous system are chosen to use EGP to talk to the outside world, usually over the Internet. These EGP routers are called exterior routers.

The exterior routers become EGP neighbors. The EGP neighbors exchange information about the networks that can be reached within the neighbors' respective autonomous systems.

EIDE

Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

Improved IDE standard that allows hard disks with a size over 512 MB.

electronic mail

The means of transporting mail electronically between users via a network. An email address has the form username@domain.org.

element

Any object that can be secured using ACL-based security.

element type

A type of object for which a set of permissions have been defined. In the Portal Administration Console (PAC), various types of administrative access are element types as well as elements to which you can assign Access Control Lists (ACLs).

elevator seeking

A process where the hard disk read-write head picks up data in the direction it is traveling across the disk, rather than in the order data is requested. In this way, disk I/O requests are organized logically according to disk head position as they arrive at the server for processing. This reduces back-and-forth movements of the disk head and minimizes head seek times.

email

The means of transporting mail electronically between registered users via a network. As with normal mail (often referred to as snail mail), the address must be entered. In email, it is in the form sender@sender's-domain to recipient@recipient's-domain. Email lets you send not only text, but also sound files or pictures. It has many advantages: it is inexpensive and mail usually reaches its destination within minutes.

eMFrame

eDirectory Management Framework

A small, flexible framework for managing, maintaining, and monitoring eDirectory through the Internet, intranet, and extranets through wired and wireless devices. eMFrame leverages roles, which are defined in the directory, allowing organizations to present only the tasks applicable to a user.

encapsulation

The technique used by protocols in which a layer adds header information to the protocol data unit (PDU) from the preceding layer. Also used in enveloping one protocol inside another for transmission, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) inside IPX.

encoding option

In NetWare Link/SNA, the encoding used for an SDLC link. The encoding can be non-return-to-zero (NRZ) or non-return-to-zero (inverted) (NRZI).

encryption

The transformation of data, for the purpose of privacy, into an unreadable format until reformatted with a decryption key. Public key encryption utilizes the RSA (which stands for its developers, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) encryption key. PGP, or Pretty Good Privacy, is a cryptography program for computer data, email, and voice conversation.

end node

The machine or unit (node) that serves as an originator and as the final destination of network traffic. The end node does not relay traffic originated by other nodes.

end node Subscriber

In ZENworks Server Management, a server that receives Distributions and extracts them so that software packages can be installed or distributed server policies can be enforced.

end system

In the OSI model, the computer containing application processes that can communicate through all seven layers. Equivalent to an end node.

Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

Enhanced IDE standard that allows hard disks with a size over 512 MB.

ENS

1. Event Notification Service: A brokered service in Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) that allows printers to send customizable notifications to users and operators about printer events and print job status. This service supports a variety of delivery methods including NetWare pop-ups, log files, email (GroupWise), and third-party programs.

2. Executive News Service

enterprise archive

A specialized type of JAR file, defined by the J2EE standard, used to deploy J2EE applications to J2EE application servers. An EAR file contains EJB components, a deployment descriptor, and Web archive (WAR) files for individual Web applications.

See also Web ARchive.

enterprise handheld device

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a handheld device (BlackBerry, Palm OS, or Windows CE device) that has the ZENworks Handheld Management client installed. The administrator can do such things as apply policies to associated devices, collect software and hardware inventory from devices, and distribute applications to devices.

enterprise network

An internetwork that connects a corporation's local and remote sites.

environment

The set of environment variables and their values kept by the shell. These settings include path specifications for programs, the user name, the current path, and the appearance of prompts. The user can alter (or unset) the values of existing environment variables and set new variables. Permanent assignments are made by means of the shell configuration files.

environment variable

A position in the environment of the shell. Every environment variable has a name that is usually capitalized. The variables are assigned values, such as path names.

environment variable macro

In ZENworks Desktop Management, Windows environment variables that are supported by Novell Application Launcher (NAL) and can be used in Application object properties.

epoch

A number indicating the number of times the cluster state has changed since the cluster was first brought up. The cluster state changes each time a server joins or leaves the cluster or a resource fails over or fails back.

Erase right

A file system right that grants the ability to delete directories, subdirectories, or files.

errata

Patches to security issues in a computer program.

error code

A hexadecimal or decimal number indicating that a software or hardware error has occurred that does not allow NetWare to continue processing. This number is usually displayed within a system message for an application, although it might be displayed by itself, or with a description of the code, or with words such as "error code," "return code," "return value," or just "code" preceding it.

Many system messages and error codes display only a few digits of the full hexadecimal error code. Often a number code is truncated to two digits, so it is not the actual decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal code.

error log

A record of the system messages that have appeared on the server console. It is stored as a text file on the server and keeps growing until the network administrator clears it.

The system messages in the log might be related to eDirectory synchronization, file migration, NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) execution, disk mirroring, or any other server operation.

Ethernet

A high-speed local area network hardware standard that consists of a cable technology and a series of communication protocols. Ethernet uses a bus topology (configuration). It is the primary communications circuitry used in many mainframe, PC, and UNIX networks.

Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network technology. An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.

EtherTalk

An AppleTalk network on Ethernet. An EtherTalk network can be either nonextended (EtherTalk 1.0) or extended (EtherTalk 2.0).

European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration

event

The automated execution of a NetWare Web Search operation. Web Search can perform three operations on an index: update, optimize, or regenerate.

event control block

A structure that controls events related to the transmission and reception of IPX and SPX packets. ECBs also control the establishment and termination of SPX sessions.

Event Notification Service

A brokered service in Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) that allows printers to send customizable notifications to users and operators about printer events and print job status. This service supports a variety of delivery methods including NetWare pop-ups, log files, email (GroupWise), and third-party programs.

Evolution

The GNOME groupware application.

excess burst size

The maximum number of uncommitted data bits that the network attempts to deliver over a measured time interval.

Exchange Identification

A specific type of link unit (commands and responses) used to carry node and link characteristics between adjacent nodes.

XIDs are exchanged between link stations before activation to negotiate acceptable characteristics. XIDs are also exchanged during activation to adjust for changes in these characteristics.

execute

To run a program. Any file that can be run is called an executable. Evolution can download executable attachments, but before they can be run, the files must be marked as executable with a shell or file manager. This security precaution prevents the automatic or accidental execution of malicious programs. For more information on executables and file permissions, see the documentation for your file manager or shell.

Execute Only

Short for "Execute Only attribute."

Execute Only attribute

A file system attribute that prevents a file from being copied. Only users with the Supervisor right to the file can set this attribute. Once set, this attribute can't be removed, so users should have a backup copy of the file.

expansion card

In ZENworks Handheld Management, refers to a storage device that plugs into a Palm OS device's expansion slot to store software applications, pictures, and audio files. Also called secure digital (SD) cards or memory sticks.

expert parameter

Any of the advanced parameters used to provide more specific control on packet-level operations (such as NetWare Link/X.25 Packet layer) and frame-level operations. Expert parameters are used to configure the more advanced aspects for a specific WAN call destination and to configure permanent virtual circuits (PVCs).

expiration policy

The policy that determines how long articles in a particular discussion group will remain on the news server before they are deleted.

expire

To become invalid due to the passage of a defined period of time.

explorer frame

A frame used in token-ring source route bridging to determine the best route to other network devices. There are two types of explorer frames: the all-routes explorer, sent along every route between two hosts; and the spanning-tree explorer, sent only along the spanning tree.

expunge

When messages are marked for deletion, they remain till they are expunged. When a message is expunged, it is permanently deleted, as long as it was marked for deletion.

EXT2

Second Extended File System

The default file system used by Linux.

Extended AppleTalk network

An AppleTalk network on high-speed media, such as Ethernet, token ring, or FDDI. An extended network is capable of supporting the Phase 2 addressing extensions of a network range and zones list.

extended attributes

Similar to named data streams; however, they use the NetWare extended attribute naming semantics. Extended attributes also have their own object type, because they contain a unique piece of metadata that is not contained in the data stream object. This metadata is a user-defined 32-bit value that is stored with each extended attribute and that is opaque in meaning to Novell Storage Services (NSS).

extended network

An AppleTalk network on high-speed media, such as Ethernet, token ring, or FDDI. An extended network is capable of supporting the Phase 2 addressing extensions of a network range and zones list.

Extensible Markup Language

An open standard for creating structured documents and data (that is, spreadsheets, address books, configuration parameters, transactions, etc.) on the Internet. It uses a tag structure similar to HTML, but XML allows tags to be defined by the developer of the page. Thus, virtually any data items can be identified, allowing Web pages to function like database records.

Extensible Markup Language Remote Procedure Call

In ZENworks Server Management, software used by Server Policies and Tiered Electronic Distribution for inter-server communications.

extensible policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, lets you control any application function that is configured in the Windows registry.

Exterior Gateway Protocol

A protocol that exchanges network access information between autonomous systems. EGP is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Routers within each autonomous system are chosen to use EGP to talk to the outside world, usually over the Internet. These EGP routers are called exterior routers.

The exterior routers become EGP neighbors. The EGP neighbors exchange information about the networks that can be reached within the neighbors' respective autonomous systems.

External Entity object

A leaf object that represents a non-native eDirectory object which is imported into eDirectory or registered in eDirectory.

external reference

In Storage Management Systems (SMS), a pointer to an eDirectory object not found locally on the server. It is used to authenticate and reference objects that are not local to the server.

External Subscriber

In ZENworks Server Management, an eDirectory object (TED External Subscriber) that is used for passing Distributions between a Distributor server in one tree and a Subscriber server in another tree. It can also be used to pass Distributions to Subscriber servers that are not contained in an eDirectory tree, such as a Windows server in a Microsoft domain.

Extract schedule

In ZENworks Server Management, the schedule for the Subscriber object, which determines when the Subscriber can begin extracting any Distributions it has received that have not yet been extracted.

F top

failback

1. The process of returning a resource (either automatically or manually by the administrator) to the original server it was running on. A failback usually happens when the hardware or software problem that caused the resource to be moved (failover) is resolved and the original server is back up and running. See also failover.

2. In Novell Cluster Services, when a node re-rejoins a cluster, the process of migrating a resource from its current location to its previous location. This can be automatic but we recommend that this process be done manually.

3. In ZENworks Server Management, the process of returning cluster resources to their preferred node after the situation causing the failover has been resolved.

failover

1. The process of moving a cluster resource (either automatically or manually by the administrator) to a different server in the cluster. A failover usually happens because of a hardware or software problem. See also failback.

2. In Novell Cluster Services, when a node fails, a user-defined process of restarting multiple cluster resources on any of the surviving nodes in a new cluster membership.

3. In ZENworks Server Management, the process of moving cluster resources from a failed node to a functional node so that availability to users is uninterrupted.

fake root

A subdirectory that functions as a root directory. NetWare allows a user to map a drive to a fake root (a directory where rights can be assigned to users).

Fan-Out Failover

Multiple-node failover support. If a node fails, the process of restarting its resources on the surviving nodes in the cluster. This may or may not happen automatically, as determined by the administrator.

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

Widely used acronym for documents providing answers to frequently asked questions.

Fast Select

A facility that expands the Call and Clear User data fields from the typical 16 octets, making the data field more useful for short duration, low-volume, transaction-oriented applications.

FAT

file allocation table

An index table that points to the disk areas where files are located. Every volume contains a FAT.

fault tolerance

A means of protecting data from hazards such as power outages or disk failures, by providing data duplication on multiple storage devices, or by distributing the eDirectory database among several servers.

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

A LAN standard for using fiber optic cable which carries a light source generated by a laser or LED. FDDI standards govern high-speed (100 Mbps) fiber-optic connections and are under the guidance of ANSI Committee X3T9.5.

FECN

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification

The notification set by the frame relay network to indicate that it has experienced congestion in the packet-forwarding direction of the frame.

feed

The Internet discussion groups that a news server receives from other news servers.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

A LAN standard for using fiber-optic cable. FDDI standards govern high-speed (100 Mbps) fiber-optic connections and are under the guidance of ANSI Committee X3T9.5.

field

In the Content Management subsystem, a container for document-specific or application-specific information. A field can contain data about the document (for example, a movie review application might define fields for the star and the rating). The field itself can also define boilerplate text or other repetitive information that applies to all documents that use that field. A field is also called custom metadata.

You associate a field with a document type. All documents of that type will have a value for that field, although that value may be null. A field may be associated with more than one document type.

As part of the field's definition, content administrators can select an interactive control that the PMC displays for entering the required values. For example, a field might have a select box control that provides a list of approved subtitles for documents.

field

1. An area in the interface where the user types information.

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a window element that holds data, as in the Name text field or the Telephone number text field.

3. The smallest unit in a database. Information in a database record is entered and displayed in fields.

4. The smallest meaningful unit of data in a file.

5. In NetWare SQL, a vertical collection of values in a table. All the values in a given field represent the same type of information. A field is also called a column.

6. In Btrieve, historically used to refer to portions of a record that have been designated as segments of a key. Technically speaking, however, Btrieve records contain no fields.

file

A set of related information that a computer can access by a unique name (for example, a text file, a data file, a graphic file). Files are the logical units managed on disk by the computer's operating system. Files may be stored on tapes or disks.

All data on disk is stored as a file with an assigned file name that is unique within the directory it resides in. To the computer, a file is nothing more than a string of bytes. The structure of a file is known to the software that manipulates it. For example, database files are made up of a series of records. Word processing files contain a continuous flow of text.

Most software programs store files in their own peculiar format. If users want to share information, usually they must use the software.

file allocation table

An index table that points to the disk areas where files are located. Every volume contains a FAT.

file attributes

Attributes that can indicate such things as whether the file is read-only, or whether it may be deleted, purged or copied. These file attributes are completely independent from the authorization system and take precedence over the effective rights granted via that authorization system. For example, effective rights may allow write access to a file; but if the file attributes for the file indicate the file is a read-only file, writes will not be allowed on the file. Likewise, if the file attributes indicate that the file has the delete inhibit bit set, the file cannot be deleted, regardless of the effective rights a user may have.

file cache

An area of server RAM where the hash table, FAT, Turbo FAT, directory cache, and temporary data storage for files are located.

file caching

The process of holding a file in server RAM so it can be retrieved quickly.

file compression

A means of allowing more data to be stored on server hard disks by compressing (packing) files that are not being used. Enabling compression in NetWare volumes can effectively increase disk space by up to 63%.

File Discovery Console

In ZENworks Server Management, enables you to send a request to discover a set of IP addresses using Novell ConsoleOne.

File Distribution

In ZENworks Server Management, a Distribution type where the administrator selects files and directories from the Distributor server's file system for distribution, and selects a destination location for extraction on the Subscriber server.

file handle

A number used to refer to or identify a file.

file indexing

The method of indexing FAT entries for faster access to large files. For example, file indexing allows a user to go right to block 128 of a file instead of scanning through the 127 previous blocks.

file name

The name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files; may contain an extension that indicates the type of file (.txt, .pdf, .jpg, etc.)

file object

An instance of a file type. The file system is made up of many different types of files.

file right

A NetWare file system property that controls what a trustee can do with a file or directory. File rights control the security in a directory structure. File and Directory rights are

Supervisor
Read
Write
Create
Erase
Modify
File Scan
Access Control

File Scan right

A file system right that allows the trustee to see the file and its directory structure back to the root of the volume, or to see the files in the directory unless other rights are assigned below it.

file server

A computer that controls the system, runs programs, and stores files for networks or multi-user systems. In NetWare, this is called a NetWare server.

file system

The organization the NetWare server uses to store data on its hard disks. Each file is given a filename and stored at a specific location in a hierarchical filing system so that files can be located quickly.

Formerly called directory structure.

file system index

The file type used when indexing a file server, such as NetWare or Windows NT. After it is created, the new index can be used for searching out content on the targeted file server.

See also crawled index.

File System object

A generic name for any of the following file system components: volume, directory, file, trustee, inherited rights filter (IRF), and name space entry.

file system right

In the NetWare file system, the ability of a trustee to see or manipulate files and directories. File system rights are granted by making trustee assignments. File system rights include:

Access Control
Create
Erase
File Scan
Modify
Read
Supervisor
Write

File Transfer Protocol

A part of the TCP/IP suite of control procedures for downloading files from a remote host computer to a local computer. FTP can be implemented either from a Telnet client by using mostly UNIX commands, or by using a software program such as LAN WorkPlace that automates many of the functions for you. The FTP protocol is also supported by many World Wide Web browsers such as Mosaic and Netscape.

file tree

A way of describing a group of files on a computer. The top of the tree is called the root directory, and is denoted by /. The rest of the branches spread downward from the root. Don't confuse the root directory with the root account or root's home directory, normally /root.

file type

1. The format of a file, commonly indicated by its file name extension (such as .txt, .doc, or .jpg).

2. A file object.

file-based discovery

In ZENworks, a mechanism that enables a system administrator to discover IP addresses that are not found by the discovery cycle.

filter

1. The process on a router that selectively discards packets of a certain type, or packets originating from or destined for a certain location.

2. Within Evolution, a filter is a method of sorting mail automatically when it's downloaded. You can create filters to perform one or more actions on a message that meets any (or all) of a wide range of criteria.

Filter

1. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a feature used to display only objects that meet certain criteria, such as a name pattern match, and to hide all other objects from view. For example, in the File Selection dialog box, Filter is a text field used for specifying a name pattern so that only objects that match the pattern are shown.

2. In GroupWise, a feature allowing a user to display items according to specific criteria.

filtering rate

The speed at which packets are checked against filter criteria.

firewall

A set of related programs, located at a network gateway server, that protects the resources of a private network from users from other networks. A firewall protects a local network or host from unauthorized access from the Internet using various security measures.

firmware

A set of software instructions that are set, permanently or semipermanently, into integrated circuitry.

flag

1. A field that is repeated at the beginning and end of a synchronous data link control (SDLC) or high-level data link control (HDLC) frame. The flag field always has a bit pattern of 011111110.

2. In the NetWare file system, any of the characteristics assigned to directories and files that dictate what can be done with the directories or files. Attribute is the preferred term.

3. (verb) To set a file or directory attribute.

flash memory

A type of computer memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks rather than bytes. Most modern computers have the BIOS stored in flash memory.

flooding

The process by which the logical map of the network is updated when each router distributes its link states to all other routers, and each router's database is then updated.

floppy disk

A magnetic disk for storing information electronically. The original floppy disk was floppy because it was thin and 5.25 inches square. Today's floppy disks measure 3.5 inches square and are more rigid in construction.

They can be removed from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are much less expensive. Typically they are limited to 1.44 megabytes of storage space.

flow control negotiation

A process that allows the negotiation, on a per-call basis, of the window size and maximum user packet size used on a virtual call in each direction.

folder

An icon that represents a directory where applications, files, and other directories can be stored. Folders act as subdirectories, allowing you to organize information. A folder is the secondary organizing unit on the file server.

The terms "folder" and "directory" are used interchangeably.

Force Cache

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an administrator-definable action that results in a distributed application's source files (and other files required for installation) being automatically copied to the workstation's Novell Application Launcher (NAL) cache directory.

With a user-associated application, the application is cached immediately after NAL refreshes (initial startup, manual refresh, or timed refresh).

With a workstation-associated application, the application is cached immediately after Workstation Helper refreshes (initial startup or timed refresh).

Force Run

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an administrator-definable action that results in a distributed application being run without user intervention.

With a user-associated application, the application is run immediately after Novell Application Launcher (NAL) refreshes (initial startup, manual refresh, or timed refresh).

With a workstation-associated application, the application is run immediately after the Workstation Helper refreshes (initial startup or timed refresh).

forced logout

The administrative option to log a user out of a server that contains files due to be synchronized, before the synchronization occurs, thus ensuring that all relevant files are available for synchronization. This option can be set to force users to close the files that would otherwise be affected.

foreground

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), the content of a window and the color or shading used to distinguish it from the Windows background.

foreground process

The process currently interacting with the user; it appears to the user as the active application. The foreground process displays its menu bar, and its windows are in front of the windows of other applications. Compare to background process.

form

1. An onscreen outline used to input and submit information for storage or processing.

2. In a NetWare printer command, the name and size of the paper used for a print job.

3. In a DOS menu utility, a screen used to set options pertaining to specific NetWare features and functions.

4. A box that contains fields in which the user enters information. Some fields have menus the user can access from the form.

format

1. (verb) To determine the arrangement of (data) for storage and display.

2. (verb) To divide a disk into marked sectors so that it can be used to store

3. (verb) To prepare media for use with a particular file system. When you format media, you overwrite any existing information.

4. (noun) Structure or composition of a file (file format) or the logical layout of a data storage unit.

forward

Forwards a copy of the message and any additional comments to a different e-mail address.

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification

The notification set by the frame relay network to indicate that it has experienced congestion in the packet-forwarding direction of the frame.

forwarder

A Domain Name System (DNS) server that sends queries if the requested information cannot be found on the local server. The forwarder processes all off-site DNS queries.

FQDN

fully qualified distinguished name

Specifies a node's location in the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, relative to the root of the DNS domain. For example, host1.engineering.novell.com., including the trailing period, is an FQDN. Also known as an absolute domain name.

FQN

fully qualified name

A complete address, filename, or pathname, including the host or root and all the direct-line subdirectories. A fully qualified filename includes the name of the file at the end of the path.

fragment

One piece of a packet that has been divided by fragmentation.

fragmentation

1. The process in which a packet is broken into smaller pieces to fit the size requirements of the physical network it is transmitted across.

2. The state of having a file scattered around a disk in pieces rather than existing in one contiguous area of the disk. Fragmented files are slower to read than unfragmented files.

3. The process by which data written to a hard drive is stored in small packets that may or may not be next to each other. The result of continual erasing and saving from/to the hard drive, severe fragmentation can cause a slowdown in drive performance with drive-intensive applications like digital audio, because the head mechanism has to constantly jump around to read all the data.

frame

In a network operating system, a data block that can contain data bits, source and destination addresses, and error checking. Each frame uses a given format or protocol for a specific medium. Some media support multiple frames, such as Ethernet 802.2, Ethernet 802.3, Ethernet II, Ethernet SNAP, Token Ring, or Token Ring SNAP.

Frame layer

An X.25 layer that transports data across the physical link, controls the interchange between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit terminating equipment (DCE), and corrects any link errors. Also called the "Link layer."

Frame Reject frame

A type of frame that reports an error condition not recoverable by retransmission of the frame.

frame relay

A form of packet switching that relies on high-quality phone lines to minimize errors. It does error checking but no correcting in the network. The end devices, like LAN servers and clients, make corrections when necessary. When a traditional protocol like SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control) is adapted to frame relay by a Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD), the FRAD will correct errors. Frame Relay is very good at efficiently handling high-speed, bursty data over wide area networks (WANs). It offers lower costs and higher performance for those applications in contrast to the traditional point-to-point services (leased lines).

frame relay network

A private-line network that permanently allocates dedicated transmission resources between communication end points. A frame relay network, characterized by packet switching with no error correction, uses statistical multiplexing, allocating transmission resources only when there are active communications.

frame switching

The process of quickly transporting high-level data link control (HDLC) frames through a network. Also called frame relaying (technology).

frame type

A set of standards that specifies the function and communications of the data link layer in networks. Frame types determine how packets of network data are formatted on different LANs. Ethernet, token ring, ARCnet, and other LANs use different formats. The TCP/IP and IPX protocols also require different frame types in some instances.

Framework subsystem

Provides core exteNd Director services. The Framework provides support for caching, system configuration, session management, and other services used by the other subsystems. The Framework is required by all other subsystems.

free software

Software in which the source code is by definition freely available to the general public for redistribution, modification, examination, or any other conceivable purpose. Similar to "open-source software," except that "open-source" is a relatively recent term coined for marketing purposes by people who wanted to put a more "business-friendly" face on the concept. Free software, as an idea, is usually associated with Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation.

See GNU.

Free Software Foundation

A non-profit organization founded in 1985 and devoted to the creation and dissemination of free software, i.e., software that is free from licensing fees or restrictions on use. The Foundation's main work is supporting the GNU project, started by Richard Stallman, partly to proselytize for his position that information is community property and all software source should be shared.

free space

Short for "storage free space."

Frequently Asked Questions

Acronym for documents providing answers to frequently asked questions.

FRMR

Frame Reject frame

A type of frame that reports an error condition not recoverable by retransmission of the frame.

FSF

Free Software Foundation

A non-profit organization founded in 1985 and devoted to the creation and dissemination of free software, i.e., software that is free from licensing fees or restrictions on use. The Foundation's main work is supporting the GNU project, started by Richard Stallman, partly to proselytize for his position that information is community property and all software source should be shared.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

A part of the TCP/IP suite of control procedures for downloading files from a remote host computer to a local computer. FTP can be implemented either from a Telnet client by using mostly UNIX commands, or by using a software program that automates many of the functions for you. The FTP protocol is also supported by many World Wide Web browsers such as Mosaic, Mozilla, and Netscape, and Internet Explorer.

FTP Distribution

In ZENworks Server Management, a Distribution type where the administrator creates a Distribution consisting of files from one or more FTP sources. Each source can contain one or more directories and files.

full scan

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an inventory scan that collects a complete inventory of the workstation.

full-duplex transmission

A process that allows two data streams to flow in opposite directions simultaneously. The receiving application can send control information back to the sending application while the sending application continues to send data.

fully qualified distinguished name

Specifies a node's location in the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, relative to the root of the DNS domain. For example, host1.engineering.novell.com., including the trailing period, is an FQDN. Also known as an absolute domain name.

fully qualified name

A complete address, filename, or pathname, including the host or root and all the direct-line subdirectories. A fully qualified filename includes the name of the file at the end of the path.

G top

GA

Graded Authentication

A module that controls access to information based on how a user has authenticated to a system. GA associates varying clearances to connections on the basis of network policy, such as the authentication protocols and methods used, the properties of the workstation, the requested capabilities, etc.

gadget

A specialized Java class used to build commonly used interface elements. An HTML Entity notation triggers execution of the Java class, and the output of the gadget is substituted in the HTML page.

garbage collection

The operating system process of reclaiming used memory blocks. The operating system deallocates blocks of memory that were once allocated but are no longer in use. It also gathers scattered blocks of free memory into larger contiguous free blocks.

gateway

1. A hardware and software combination that runs on the OSI application layer and allows dissimilar protocols to communicate by filtering communications through industry-standard protocols. Examples of protocols a gateway might use are TCP/IP, X.25, and SNA.

2. A software module that allows Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) clients to send jobs to printers that are not NDPS-aware, and to access printers and print systems that require jobs to be placed in queues. NDPS supports third-party gateways, which are developed by printer manufacturers to support printers directly attached to the network, and the Novell gateway, which consists of a Print Device Subsystem and a Port Handler component and supports local and remote printers, including those using NPRINTER or QMS.

3. In Novell GroupWise, a connection between a GroupWise system and a foreign electronic mail system (a system other than GroupWise).

Gb

gigabit

Amount of memory equal to 1024 Megabits (1,073,741,824 bits) of information. A gigabit is one billion bits. It's commonly used for measuring the amount of data that is transferred in a second between two telecommunication points.

For example, Gigabit Ethernet is a high-speed form of Ethernet (a local area network technology) that can provide data transfer rates of about 1 gigabit per second. Gigabits per second is usually abbreviated Gbps.

GB

gigabyte

A gigabyte consists of roughly 1 billion bytes. To be exact, there are 1024 megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes in a gigabyte, roughly equivalent to a thousand novels. Because of the large size of today's hard disks, storage capacity is usually measured in gigabytes.

General dictionary

The section of the software dictionary that contains pre-defined software identifiers. On the basis of this dictionary, the Inventory scanner reports whether a particular product is installed on an inventoried machine.

General Help Screen

A type of online help screen available in the command line utility help that provides general information about the item specified in the help command typed at the DOS or OS/2 prompt.

GET community string

In ZENworks Server Management, a community string used in Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) communication to obtain agent data.

GFDL

GNU Free Documentation License

A copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. The current state of the license is version 1.2, the official text of which can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

The license was designed for manuals, textbooks, and other reference and instructional materials. However, it can be used for any text-based work, regardless of subject matter. It stipulates that any copy of the material, even if modified, carry the same license. Those copies may be sold but, if produced in quantity, have to be made available in a format which facilitates further editing.

GID

group ID, Group Identifier

The GID is a unique number attributed to a group of users.

gigabit

Amount of memory equal to 1024 Megabits (1,073,741,824 bits) of information. A gigabit is one billion bits. It's commonly used for measuring the amount of data that is transferred in a second between two telecommunication points.

For example, Gigabit Ethernet is a high-speed form of Ethernet (a local area network technology) that can provide data transfer rates of about 1 gigabit per second. Gigabits per second is usually abbreviated Gbps.

gigabyte

A gigabyte consists of roughly 1 billion bytes. To be exact, there are 1024 megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes in a gigabyte, roughly equivalent to a thousand novels. Because of the large size of today's hard disks, storage capacity is usually measured in gigabytes.

GINA

Graphical Identification and Authentication
The interface that users see when they attempt to log in to the network. The GINA can originate from the Microsoft client, the Novell Client, or the ZENworks Desktop Management Agent (the last two use a version of NWGINA).

global administrator

The person who manages the NetWare Web Search Server and has the proper rights to do so.

See also virtual search server administrator.

global unique identifier

global unique ID

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Handheld Management, a randomly generated string that provides a unique identifier for an application. When Novell Application Launcher (NAL) distributes an application to a workstation in ZENworks Desktop Management, it adds the GUID to the workstation's Windows registry for distribution tracking purposes.

GNOME

(Pronounced guh-nome.) GNU Network Object Model Environment
A user-friendly graphical desktop environment for Linux. GNOME is part of the GNU project and part of the free software, or open source, movement. GNOME is a Windows-like desktop system that works on UNIX and UNIX-like systems and is not dependent on any one window manager.

GNU

GNU is Not Unix

A project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The aim of the GNU Project is to create a complete and free UNIX-style operating system. It is free not so much in the sense of free of cost, but in the sense of freedom: having the right to obtain, modify, and redistribute the software. The now classic GNU Manifesto explains the details. In legal terms, GNU software is protected by the GNU General Public License, or GPL, and by the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL. The Linux kernel, which is subject to the GPL, benefits from this project (especially from the tools), but should not be seen as the same thing.

GNU Free Documentation License

A copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. The current state of the license is version 1.2, the official text of which can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License.

The license was designed for manuals, textbooks, and other reference and instructional materials. However, it can be used for any text-based work, regardless of subject matter. It stipulates that any copy of the material, even if modified, carry the same license. Those copies may be sold but, if produced in quantity, have to be made available in a format which facilitates further editing.

GNU General Public License

A free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project (a project to create a complete free software operating system). It has since become the most popular license for free software (or "open source software"). The latest version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991. The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is a modified version of the GPL intended for some software libraries.

GNU is Not UNIX

A project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The aim of the GNU Project is to create a complete and free UNIX-style operating system. It is free not so much in the sense of free of cost, but in the sense of freedom: having the right to obtain, modify, and redistribute the software. The now classic GNU Manifesto explains the details. In legal terms, GNU software is protected by the GNU General Public License, or GPL, and by the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL. The Linux kernel, which is subject to the GPL, benefits from this project (especially from the tools), but should not be seen as the same thing.

GNU Network Object Model Environment

A graphical desktop environment for Linux.

golden Application object

In ZENworks Server Management, an Application object created in ZENworks Desktop Management that is used as the source object for creating a Desktop Application Distribution. From the information in the Distribution about the golden Application object, subscribers receiving the distribution can create distributed Application objects. However, distributed Application objects are not identical copies of golden application objects; their configurations are affected by the environment where they are created.

Grace Logins Allowed

Short for "Grace Logins Allowed property."

Grade

The login properties of a login method. Currently, biometric, password, token, and logged (or any combination) of grades are supported.

Graded Authentication

A module that controls access to information based on how a user has authenticated to a system. GA associates varying clearances to connections on the basis of network policy, such as the authentication protocols and methods used, the properties of the workstation, the requested capabilities, etc.

Grand Unified Boot Loader

The GRand Unified Bootloader is a multiboot boot loader which is most commonly used to allow dual-booting of two or more operating systems installed on a single computer.

In technical terms, a multiboot boot loader is one which can load any executable file with a multiboot header present in the first 8 KB of the file. Such a header consists of 32 bits of "magic" number, 32 bits of flags, a further 32 bits of magic number, followed by data about the executable image.

While traditional boot loaders maintain a table of blocks on the hard disk, GRUB can browse the file system.

grant

To confer access and/or management privileges to a trustee. The trustee represents the user receiving the privileges, while the target represents the network resource the user can access or manage.

Graphical Identification and Authentication

The interface that users see when they attempt to log in to the network. The GINA can originate from the Microsoft client, the Novell Client, or the ZENworks Desktop Management Agent (the last two use a version of NWGINA).

green box

A package which contains a non-English or localized version of NetWare, which is unique for each locale or language.

grid

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), an array of locations, sometimes invisible, that you can use to align objects to those locations.

Group

Short for "Group object."

group

1. A set of related options in a dialog box, often with its own subtitle.

2. A collection of network users who share applications, perform similar tasks, or have similar needs for information.

3. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a collection of users who are referred to by a common name. The rights assigned to the group determine a group member's access to files. In Application Builder, a group consists of two or more user interface objects that are selected in a user interface and made part of a group for layout, visibility, or internationalization purposes.

4. In ZENworks Handheld Management, a list used to manage multiple handheld devices at one time.

group binding

An association between a group and one or more rules. When your application validates a pipeline that includes the group step and a binding exists between the current user's group and any rules, then those rules are fired.

See also pipeline; pipeline binding; rule; user binding.

group ID

Group Identifier. The GID is a unique number attributed to a group of users.

Group object

A leaf object in the eDirectory tree that represents a list of User objects. It is used to provide collective, rather than individual, network administration. The Group object differs from a container object in that instead of containing the User objects, it lists them as members.

group page

A portal page that shows content that is suitable for a particular group of users. Group pages must be created by a group page administrator with CREATE permission. Portal users can select the group page they want to see when they view their individual user pages. When visiting a particular user page, a user sees the content for that page, along with the content for the currently selected group page.

groupware

A term describing an application that helps groups of people work together. Typically, a groupware application has several productivity features built into one program, including e-mail, calendar, and address book tools.

GRUB

Grand Unified Boot Loader

The GRand Unified Bootloader is a multiboot boot loader which is most commonly used to allow dual-booting of two or more operating systems installed on a single computer.

In technical terms, a multiboot boot loader is one which can load any executable file with a multiboot header present in the first 8 KB of the file. Such a header consists of 32 bits of "magic" number, 32 bits of flags, a further 32 bits of magic number, followed by data about the executable image.

While traditional boot loaders maintain a table of blocks on the hard disk, GRUB can browse the file system.

GUID

Global unique identifier

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Handheld Management, a randomly generated string that provides a unique identifier for an application. When Novell Application Launcher (NAL) distributes an application to a workstation in ZENworks Desktop Management, it adds the GUID to the workstation's Windows registry for distribution tracking purposes.

H top

hacker

A slang term for a computer enthusiast. Among professional programmers, the term hacker implies an amateur or a programmer who lacks formal training. Depending on how it is used, the term can be either complimentary or derogatory, although it is developing an increasingly derogatory connotation. The pejorative sense of hacker is becoming more prominent, largely because the popular press has co-opted the term to refer to individuals who gain unauthorized access to computer systems for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data. Hackers maintain that "cracker" is the proper term for such an individual.

HAM

1. host adapter module: A driver component used to drive specific host adapter hardware in the NetWare Peripheral Architecture (NPA). This component is part of the host adapter interface (HAI), which is standard for tape drives.

2. hold and modify

Handheld Application object

In ZENworks Handheld Management, an eDirectory object used to distribute collections of files (applications or content) for copying to handheld devices. Handheld Application objects usually consist of applications such as .prc files (for Palm OS devices), .cab files (for Windows CE devices), and .alx, .ali, and .dll files (for BlackBerry devices).

handheld client

ZENworks Handheld Management handheld client

In ZENworks Handheld Management, the component that is installed on each managed BlackBerry, Palm OS, and Windows CE handheld device in the system. The handheld client distributes software and content to handheld devices, collects software and hardware inventory for each device, and enforces policies.

handheld device

A pocket-sized computing device. ZENworks Handheld Management provides support for various brands of handheld devices.

See also handheld client.

Handheld Import policy

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy to enable handheld import and configuration settings, such as how handheld device objects are named, where they are stored in eDirectory, and which Handheld Group objects you want certain handheld device objects associated with. The Handheld Import policy is contained in the Handheld Service Package.

Handheld Package

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy package that contains the following policies:

BlackBerry Configuration policy
BlackBerry Inventory policy
BlackBerry Security policy
Palm Configuration policy
Palm Client Configuration policy
Palm File Retrieval policy
Palm Security policy
WinCE Configuration policy
WinCE Client Configuration policy
WinCE File Retrieval policy
WinCE Security policy

Also called Handheld User Package.

Handheld Service Package

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a policy package that contains the Handheld Import policy.

handle

1. A pointer used by a computer to identify a resource or feature. For example, a directory handle identifies a volume and a directory, such as sys:public.

2. An on-screen marker, usually a small black square, that enables a user to size and manipulate an object or item in a drawing. Handles appear at the corners and sides of selected objects.

handler

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), the distinguished recipient procID (process ID) of a ToolTalk request. This procID must complete the indicated operation.

handshaking

The exchange of signals between two data communications systems prior to and during data transmission to coordinate and control each phase of transmission over a serial connection.

hang

To become unresponsive to keyboard and mouse input. In computing, either a single computer program or the whole system may hang. The window concerned or the whole computer screen becomes static, in the latter case including the mouse cursor. Contrast with crash, where a program exits abnormally with an error message.

hard disk

A high-capacity storage medium consisting of a stack of magnetic disks that hold information in concentric areas called cylinders. This device can be connected to a network or in your own computer. Internal hard disks use channel 0; external hard disks use channels 1 through 4.
Also called fixed disk.

hard drive

Primary storage device that computer uses to store data, generally not removed from the computer and can store large amounts of information; normally drive C on computer. Used for the storage of data, documents and the computer's programs and operating system.

hard link

Lets Novell Storage Services (NSS) users create multiple names for the same file object. These names can be in different directories as long as all the directories reside on the same volume. Hard links to directories, data streams, and extended attributes are not allowed. NSS keeps a count of how many links a file has and will not delete a file until all names for the file have been deleted (the link count must be zero).

hardware detect NLM

hwdetect.nlm

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that runs automatically during the NetWare installation process to detect hardware devices and load the appropriate drivers.

hardware inventory

In ZENworks Handheld Management, hardware information from each handheld device in your system, including the model, OS version, processor type, free RAM, RAM used, and battery type and remaining voltage.

hashing

The process of using the hash algorithm to access a file on a large volume. The algorithm calculates a file's address both in cache memory and on the hard disk and predicts the address on a hash table, which is much more efficient than searching for the file sequentially.

HBA

host bus adapter

A SCSI adapter board or disk controller that adds a bus through which peripheral devices (such as hard disks, tape drives, and CD-ROM drives) are connected to the computer. These devices typically have embedded controllers.

HCSS

High-Capacity Storage System

A data storage system that extends the storage capacity of a NetWare server by integrating an optical disk library, or jukebox, into the NetWare file system.

HCSS moves files between faster low-capacity storage devices (the server's hard disk) and slower high-capacity storage devices (such as optical discs in a jukebox).

HDLC

high-level data link control

A bit-oriented, synchronous, communications protocol defined for high-level, synchronous connections to X.25 packet networks. HDLC applies to the data-link layer of the OSI model.

HDLC is similar in almost all respects to synchronous data link control (SDLC).

header

1. The information at the beginning of a packet that defines control parameters such as size, memory requirements, and entry point of a program, as well as the locations in the program of absolute segment address references.

2. In a word processing document, the information located at the top of the pages. A header typically includes document information and a page number.

3. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), the basic information in Mailer about an electronic mail message as it appears in the mailbox. A message header displays the name of the sender, subject, the date and time it was received, and message size.

4. In the File Manager, a header describing one of the two possible ways of displaying the current path directory (complete path names or icons).

header compression

A set of standard compression options intended to eliminate nonessential information from the frame format, including address and control compression, protocol ID (PID) compression, and data compression. Header compression also maximizes the bandwidth available from public switched telephone network (PSTN) connections.

heal

In ZENworks Desktop Management, to restore a broken application to a functional state by redistributing the application.

heartbeat

A number specifying the amount of time between transmits for all nodes in the cluster except the master node.

See also master watchdog; slave watchdog; tolerance.

Help Desk Policy

Short for "Help Desk Policy object."

Help Desk policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that sets the choices viewed in the Help Desk user interface. The policy is part of the User package.

Help Desk Policy object

An eDirectory object that contains rules established by the network administrator for Help Request users.

Help mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that displays information about the img command at the Linux bash prompt.

Help Request

A user application that exposes help support options for the user, which are specified in the Help Desk Policy associated with the user. It can be made available on any workstation, even one that has not been registered.

Helper

NAL Workstation Helper

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the user workstation software that plugs into ZENworks Workstation Manager and enables workstation-associated applications to be installed, uninstalled, cached, and run. This allows for application management based on the workstation rather than a user logged in to the workstation.

Hesiod

A name coined by Project Athena (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) for the "name-server" services of the network, which keeps track of resources and translates a request for a logical destination to a physical location. Developed as a means of maintaining widely used, infrequently updated databases from a centralized source. Built on the widely used BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) suite, Hesiod can be used to map practically any kind of text entry (e.g., passwd, printcap, maildrop) into the Domain Name System (DNS) records.

hexadecimal

Short for "hexadecimal numbering system": a numbering system which uses a base of 16. The first ten digits are 0-9 and the next six are A-F.

Machine language programs are often written in hexadecimal notation. The hex number system is very useful in cases where computer words are composed of multiples of 4 bits (that is, 4-bit words, 8-bit words, 16- bit words, and so on).

When a number is written in base 16, it is preceded by a dollar sign ("$"). For example, $F3 is the hexadecimal representation for the decimal number 243.

Hidden

Short for "Hidden attribute."

hidden

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a state in which an element is not displayed on the screen. For example, in the message line of File Manager, hidden describes the state or status of a file or folder when it is not visible in a File Manager view. Files and folders may be hidden or shown depending on settings controlled by the user.

Hidden attribute

A file or directory attribute that hides the file or directory from the DOS DIR command and prevents the file or directory from being deleted or copied. The NetWare DIR command will list the file or directory if the user has the File Scan right.

hidden file

A file that is not intended to be viewed in a directory listing. In MS-DOS, the system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS are hidden; in Windows, the swap file is hidden. Some operating systems allow the user to hide files so that they can only be accessed if the name is known.

Hidden files have names that begins with a dot (.). Such files are not listed by the ls command unless a special argument ( -a) is specified.

hierarchical addressing

An addressing scheme in which a network is partitioned into sections, with the section identifier forming one part of each destination address, and the destination identifier forming another. Destination identifiers, such as server names, can be reused in different sections, because the section identifier distinguishes them. There can be more than one level of sections.

High-Capacity Storage System

A data storage system that extends the storage capacity of a NetWare server by integrating an optical disk library, or jukebox, into the NetWare file system.

HCSS moves files between faster low-capacity storage devices (the server's hard disk) and slower high-capacity storage devices (such as optical discs in a jukebox).

high-level data link control

A bit-oriented, synchronous, communications protocol defined for high-level, synchronous connections to X.25 packet networks. HDLC applies to the data-link layer of the OSI model.

HDLC is similar in almost all respects to synchronous data link control (SDLC).

history

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), usually a list of the most recently accessed files, directories, or commands.

HIT

Hub information table

A Novell software term that is part of Hub Management Interface (HMI).

hive

A registry component. Hive is a set of keys, subkeys, and values.

hole in the tree

This security feature in trustee assignments prevents users who have rights in one branch of the Directory Services tree from jumping over to a place where he or she doesn't have rights and then browsing through the entire tree.

home directory

1. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a directory where you keep personal files and additional directories. By default, the File Manager and Terminal Emulator windows are set to the home directory when you first open them.

2. A network directory that the network administrator can create for a user. The user should keep personal files in this directory (usually in /home/). Except for the superuser root, only the owner has full access rights in the home directory.

Home Directory

Short for "Home Directory property."

Home Office Network

A network of 2–3 personal computers connected in a home environment. It is designed to merely share file and print services without significant security and naming requirements.

hop

A measure of distance in routers on a network. The number of hops to a destination network is the number of routers that must be traversed to reach the network. The number of hops is part of each network entry in a Routing Information Packet (RIP).

hop count

The routing metric used to measure the distance between a source and a destination. Each hop count equals the transmission of a packet across a router.

host

1. Short for "SNA host." In SNA, the primary upstream computer in a network. The host is the computer or one of the computers in which a system services control point (SSCP) resides. In the NetWare for SAA environment, the host is usually an IBM System/370 mainframe computer or an IBM AS/400 computer.

2. Short for "SBACKUP host." A NetWare server that an administrator runs SBACKUP from. A storage device and a storage device controller are attached to it.

3. A computer attached to a network that provides services to another computer beyond simply storing and forwarding information. Usually refers to mainframes and minicomputers.

4. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), both a computer system, and in ToolTalk, the system that contains the file.

host adaptor module

A driver component used to drive specific host adapter hardware in the NetWare Peripheral Architecture (NPA). This component is part of the host adapter interface (HAI), which is standard for tape drives.

host bus adapter

A SCSI adapter board or disk controller that adds a bus through which peripheral devices (such as hard disks, tape drives, and CD-ROM drives) are connected to the computer. These devices typically have embedded controllers.

host computer

In a computer network, the computer where data or applications are stored and from which data is retrieved or applications are run.

host server

A NetWare server with a host adapter and storage device, such as a tape drive, attached. Also, the NetWare server where the backup program resides.

hostname

1. In a network or distributed processing environment, the name used to identify the computer that provides services to other computers or terminals that can access the network.

2. In the Domain Name System (DNS), a unique name associated with an IP address. A hostname cannot contain a space, tab, number sign (#), or end-of-line character.

hot expansion

In PCI Hot Plug technology, the process of adding a new adapter of any type to a running system by using hot insertion.

Hot Fix

One of three System Fault Tolerance (SFT) levels. SFT protects data by providing procedures that allow a network server to automatically recover from hardware failures. SFT protects data by providing data duplication on multiple storage devices; if one storage device fails, the data is available from another device. There are three levels of SFT: Hot Fix, disk mirroring or duplexing, and server mirroring. Each level of redundancy (duplication) decreases the possibility of data loss.

See also read-after-write verification.

hot insertion

In PCI Hot Plug technology, the process of physically plugging an adapter board into a PCI slot without removing power to the server.

hot plug

Technology that allows a user to physically remove and insert industry-standard PCI devices (such as LAN adapters, disk controllers, or disk drives) without disrupting the operation of other devices in the system. This allows the same functionality to continue after replacing the device. Only individual slots are affected (the system does not need to be powered off to perform these functions). This technology requires both hardware and software that is PCI capable.

hot removal

In PCI Hot Plug technology, the process of physically removing an adapter board from a PCI slot without removing power to the server.

hot replace driver

In the NetWare operating system, a disk driver that can be loaded while the server is running and while the previous version of the disk driver is still loaded. When a hot replace driver is loaded, NetWare automatically unloads the old version of the driver with no interruption in operation.

hot replacement

The ability to change a computer's hardware or software without rebooting. In PCI Hot Plug technology, the process of removing a failed PCI adapter and inserting an identical adapter without removing power to the server.

hot spot

1. An icon or part of a larger image used as a hyperlink to another document or file. When the hot spot is selected by clicking on it, the linked material is searched for and displayed.

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), the place on the pointer that determines the exact spot on the screen where an action is performed.

3. In the OSF/Motif Style Guide, the actual position on the pointer that identifies the element to which input associated with the pointer is directed.

hot swap

The ability to change a computer's hardware or software without rebooting.

HotSync

Palm HotSync

In ZENworks Handheld Management, third-party synchronization software that transfers data between the ZENworks Handheld Management server and a Palm OS handheld device.

hover

To position a cursor over a link without actually clicking on the link.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language

The markup language used to create pages on the World Wide Web. Because HTML uses ASCII text character combinations to code or tag various options, it can be used on a variety of platforms. HTML coding can be used to format text, create lists, insert multimedia, create forms for collecting user input, and create links to other Web locations.

HTML is a language for describing page layout in electronic documents such as Web pages, help files, and e-mail messages. HTML can be used in e-mail and news posts to insert images and apply text treatments.

HTML form

An HTML feature that enables creation of Web pages that collect user input and submit the input to a Web server for processing. Using HTML tags, a user can create forms that contain text boxes, text blocks, menus, check boxes, radio buttons, and password boxes.

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The protocol that Web servers and Web browsers use to communicate with each other on the World Wide Web (WWW). Web browsers submit HTTP requests; Web servers use HTTP to respond with the requested document.

HTTP Distribution

In ZENworks Server Management, a Distribution type consisting of one or more HTTP sources. Each source can contain one or more target entries.

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

A Web protocol that encrypts and decrypts user page requests as well as the pages that are returned by the Web server. HTTPS uses port 443 instead of HTTP port 80 in its interactions with TCP/IP.

hub

A device that modifies transmission signals, allowing the network to be lengthened or expanded with additional workstations. Two kinds of hubs exist:

Active hubs amplify transmission signals in network topologies. Active hubs are used to add workstations to a network or to extend the cable distance between stations and the server.

Passive hubs are used in certain network topologies to split a transmission signal, allowing additional workstations to be added. Passive hubs can't amplify the signal, so network cables must run directly to a station or to an active hub.

hub

The GroupWise configuration in which all messages pass though a central domain. Specifically, a GroupWise hub is a GroupWise system that routes messages between subscriber GroupWise systems without the administrative overload of setting up an external domain for each GroupWise system.

Hub information table

A Novell software term that is part of the Hub Management Interface (HMI).

hwdetect.nlm

hardware detect NLM

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that runs automatically during the NetWare installation process to detect hardware devices and load the appropriate drivers.

hypertext

Text that contains links to other places within the same document, or to other documents stored locally or on Web servers anywhere. This method of storing and presenting information allows almost instantaneous retrieval of information.

hypertext link

Element on a Web page which you click on to jump to another location (on the page, the site, or the Web). The mouse pointer changes when it is placed over such a link.

More commonly referred to as hyperlink.

Hypertext Markup Language

The markup language used to create pages on the World Wide Web. Because HTML uses ASCII text character combinations to code or tag various options, it can be used on a variety of platforms. HTML coding can be used to format text, create lists, insert multimedia, create forms for collecting user input, and create links to other Web locations.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The protocol that Web servers and Web browsers use to communicate with each other on the World Wide Web (WWW). Web browsers submit HTTP requests; Web servers use HTTP to respond with the requested document.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer

A Web protocol that encrypts and decrypts user page requests as well as the pages that are returned by the Web server. HTTPS uses port 443 instead of HTTP port 80 in its interactions with TCP/IP.

I top

I frame

Information frame

A type of frame used to transfer packet information. An I frame can also contain data for frame-level flow control.

I'm alive packet

A diagnostic packet that System Fault Tolerance (SFT) III servers send back and forth over the internetwork connection to check each other's status.

Each SFT III server sends an "I'm alive" packet to the other SFT III server over the IPX cable at a rate of 18 times per second. These packets act as a backup communications check for the mirrored server link. A network analyzer attached to the LAN segment between the two SFT III servers detects multiple "I'm alive" packets per minute. However, the extra traffic generated by these diagnostic packets should not affect network performance.

I/O engine

Input/Output engine

The part of the System Fault Tolerance (SFT) III operating system that handles physical processes, such as network and disk I/O, hardware interrupts, device drivers, timing, and routing.

Ic

Short for "Immediate Compress attribute."

IC

1. integrated circuit

2. input context: An X input method (XIM) component.

ICA

Independent Computing Architecture

A Citrix Systems protocol for running Windows applications over the Internet. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the ICA client is used by Novell Application Launcher (NAL), the NAL plug-in, and the ZENworks Launch gadget to enable running of ZENworks applications from a Citrix MetaFrame server.

iCal

iCal is a protocol that Evolution uses to manage the calendar section.

iChain

Novell iChain

A security and access-management infrastructure used to protect networks and safeguard sensitive business and identity data. Used with Novell ZENworks Web Self-Service, Novell iChain provides secure access to Web applications and content that has been provisioned to users.

ICMP

Internet control message protocol

An integral part of the Internet Protocol (IP) that handles error and control messages. Specifically, gateways and hosts use ICMP to send reports of problems about datagrams back to the original datagram source. ICMP is used to report routing errors and messages.

IDBLK

A 3-digit hexadecimal operand in the physical unit definition statement of the Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) that denotes the device type.

IDE

1. Integrated Drive Electronics: A hard disk interface (such as ESDI or SCSI) that has replaced the ST-506. The controller hardware is placed on the drive itself for improved performance.

2. Integrated Development Environment: A part of Borland's Turbo C++ compiler.

3. Interactive Development Environments, Inc.

identifier variable

A variable used in NetWare login scripts that allows users to enter a variable (such as LOGIN_NAME) in a login script command, rather than a specific name (such as RICHARD).

idle loop

A process the computer processor executes when it is not busy performing work. The higher the percentage of processor time devoted to the idle loop process, the less active the processor.

IDNUM

An operand in the Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) physical unit (PU) definition statement that identifies the specific device (if physical unit type 1 or 2) or the specific connection (if physical unit type 4 or 5). IDNUM is expressed as a 5-digit hexadecimal value. In NetWare Link/SNA, this value is used to identify the PUID.

IDS

intrusion detection system

An automated system that can detect a security violation on a system or a network.

IEEE 802.2

A logical link control standard for local area networks (LANs). This standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) describes the function of the Logical Link Control (LLC) protocol used in both token ring and Ethernet LANs. 802.2 is one of a set of communications standards that define physical and electrical network connections. The 802.2 standard specifies the data link layer for use with 802.3 networks (thick, thin, twisted pair, and fiber-optic Ethernet networks) and with 802.5 networks (twisted pair or fiber-optic token ring networks).

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

The Internet Activities Board (IAB) task force responsible for solving the short-term engineering needs of the Internet. They deal with TCP/IP and develop SNMP. They are also charged with developing proposed Internet standards.

IF MEMBER OF

The NetWare login script syntax that checks the membership list of a Group object and returns TRUE if the User object is listed.

IF...THEN

The NetWare login script command that sets conditions under which login commands will be executed.

iFolder

Novell iFolder

An application that allows users to save files to a network storage location so they can be accessed and coordinated from multiple locations inside and outside the network. Novell iFolder provides the Data Management capability included in ZENworks.

ignored item

A named file or directory in the root of each volume that is deliberately never replicated.

IGP

Interior Gateway Protocol

A category for protocols that are used to exchange routing table information between collaborating routers in the Internet. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocols are examples of IGPs.

IIS

Internet Information Server

A group of Internet servers (including a Web or Hypertext Transfer Protocol server and a File Transfer Protocol server) with additional capabilities for Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 2000 Server operating systems.

image

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a compressed file containing data, application files, and configuration information that can add to or completely replace the files and configuration information on another computer.

Image Explorer

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a utility (imgexp.exe) that is used to view or customize workstation images or to create add-on images.

image-safe data

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an area on a computer's hard disk that is protected from reimaging. Used to save workstation-unique information such as the IP address, computer name, and Domain Name System (DNS) settings so the information can be restored after an imaging operation.

imaging

In ZENworks Desktop Management, to copy the contents of a computer's hard disk into a single compressed file (referred to as an image) so that the contents of the hard disk, including configuration information and applications, can be copied to other computers.

Also called disk imaging or ghost imaging.

Imaging Agent

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a utility (ziswin.exe) that acts as an extension to the Windows bootup procedure on a workstation. It runs before any network communications are established, and allows administrators to save existing settings prior to reimaging a workstation, or to supply IP configuration, Windows networking, and Domain Name System (DNS) settings for a workstation that doesn't have an operating system.

Imaging Boot Disk Creator

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a utility (zimgboot.exe) used to create or update imaging boot diskettes.

imaging client

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a computer that is booted from an imaging device.

Imaging Engine

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Linux application used to control imaging through the img command at the Linux bash prompt.

imaging server

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, a software component (imgserv.nlm, imgserv.dll, or imgserv.dlm) on a Desktop Management server that enables imaging clients to connect with the network to receive imaging services.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the computer used to create, store, and send files in an imaging operation.

Imaging Server policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy that sets imaging parameters for workstations that are not registered in Novell Directory Services (NDS) or Novell eDirectory. This policy is contained in the Server package.

iManager

Novell iManager

A browser-based management utility included with NetWare 6.x. In ZENworks Server Management, it enables administrators to manage Tiered Electronic Distribution (TED) objects, agents, and processes from any location where the required version of Internet Explorer is available.

IMAP

Internet Mail Access Protocol. It allows access to e-mail that is typically stored remotely on a server rather than on a local hard disk. Often contrasted with POP.

Immediate Compress

Ic

Short for "Immediate Compress attribute."

Immediate Compress attribute

A file system attribute that causes a file, or the files in a directory and its subdirectories, to be compressed as soon as the operating system can do so, without waiting for a specific event (such as a time delay) to occur. In the case of a directory, individual files marked with the Don't Compress attribute are unaffected by this attribute.

implied rights

Rights that are implied by some other right. Specifically:

The Supervisor object right implies all rights to the object and all its properties.
The Supervisor property right implies all rights to the specific property or to all properties, whichever Supervisor is specified for.
The Read property right implies the Compare property right.
The Write property right implies the Add Self property right

Implied rights are not stored but are applied by the system when it calculates effective rights.

import

To retrieve information from one program into another, or to convert information so that it can be read in a platform or application that it was not originally created for.

inbound service advertisement filter

A service information filter which limits the acceptance of service advertisements received by the router to a selected set of services at a selected set of networks.

included directory

A directory within the replication set whose content, including any subdirectories and their contents, are replicated to the replica server and synchronized when scheduled (or synchronized manually). An included directory is shown in the Replication panel as a folder icon containing a plus (+) symbol.

increment

The amount by which something is increased.

indent

In word processing, the amount of space a line or paragraph is inset or extended from the normal margin of a paragraph.

Independent Computing Architecture

A Citrix Systems protocol for running Windows applications over the Internet. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the ICA client is used by Novell Application Launcher (NAL), the NAL plug-in, and the ZENworks Launch gadget to enable delivery of terminal server applications to user workstations.

independent logical unit

A network-accessible unit that can initiate an LU-to-LU session without requesting assistance from a system services control point (SSCP). Currently, only an LU 6.2 can be an independent LU.

index

1. A list of keywords that direct you to the location of more comprehensive information.

2. A key or a group of keys that Btrieve uses to sort a file.

3. A structure in a Btrieve file that contains the key values for a specific key.

4. A file containing key words found in documents hosted on a Web or file server. It also stores the associated URL for each keyword. The index is the primary component of a virtual search server, which can contain many indexes. The index is used by NetWare Web Search to locate and return search results with links to the associated URL.

See also virtual search server.

index balancing

The process of searching for available space in sibling index pages when a given index page becomes full, and then rotating values from the full page into the pages that have space available.

Indexed

Short for "Indexed attribute."

Indexed attribute

A file system attribute that indicates a file has been indexed for quick access. When a file reaches a certain size relative to the block size on the volume, NetWare begins keeping an index to it. This attribute is shown in attribute listings, but can't be set by users.

indexer

The process that indexes Internet discussion group articles for full-text searching purposes.

Industry Standard Architecture

Commonly accepted industry standard for the bus design used on the IBM PC/XT, which makes use of plug-in cards and expansion slots. It can accommodate 8- or 16-bit cards.

INETCFG

Internetworking Configuration utility

A menu-based NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that simplifies the use of Novell internetworking products by allowing a network administrator to configure interface boards and network protocols. A network administrator uses INETCFG to bind protocols to different LAN and WAN boards, and also to view the entire or selected portions of the configuration.

inews

A program that comes with the news server that enables Internet discussion group moderators to approve messages.

Information frame

A type of frame used to transfer packet information. An I frame can also contain data for frame-level flow control.

Information mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that allows administrators to view information about the hardware devices on the computer, the base image on the computer, and the data stored in the computer's image-safe area.

inheritable

A rights assignment option that applies only to container objects.

When this option is set, the rights assignment flows down to objects and containers below this object in the eDirectory tree. This option can be set for all types of assignments, including rights to specific properties.

This feature is available only with versions of Novell Directory Services (NDS)/eDirectory that ship with NetWare 5 or later. For compatibility with previous versions of NDS, by default this option is set for object rights and all properties rights, and by default is not set for specific property rights.

inheritance

The process of applying the explicitly granted rights of one object to all subordinate objects, unless the rights are blocked by an inherited rights filter (IRF).

inherited rights

In the NetWare file system, rights acquired automatically by files, folders, or directories. When a file or directory is copied to a NetWare server, that file or directory inherits the same rights as the directory in which it is placed.

In eDirectory, explicitly granted rights to one object that apply to all subordinate objects, unless other rights are explicitly assigned at a lower level or the rights are blocked by an inherited rights filter (IRF).

inherited rights filter

An entry in an object's access control list (ACL) that specifies which rights can and cannot flow down to the object and its subordinates.

Only inherited rights can be filtered. Rights granted at the current level, either by explicit assignment or by security equivalence, cannot be blocked. The Supervisor right can be blocked to an object but not to a file or directory.

Object rights and property rights are inherited and filtered separately; therefore, object and property rights can be blocked individually without affecting each other.

Inherited Rights Mask

A binary value that specifies a combination of rights in the NetWare file system. When a trustee has no assigned rights to a file or directory, the trustee inherits rights from a superior directory for which rights are assigned. The Inherited Rights Mask can be used to modify those inherited rights. If the Inherited Rights Mask is 0, the trustee inherits all rights from the superior directory. In NetWare 4 this term was rendered obsolete by the inherited rights filter.

init script

Novell/SUSE Linux uses a system of scripts to determine which services to run on system boot. These scripts exist in /etc/init.d/ (or the symbolic link /etc/rc.d/), and are referred to as init scripts. They help dictate which services are active in each runlevel and also allow the services to be manually controlled.

init scripts are essentially just shell scripts with options for performing basic actions on a service. You can invoke them manually or they can be invoked automatically by the system.

initialize

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), to set a variable or application to some initial state.

inkjet

A type of printer that sprays droplets of ink onto paper to form an image. Continuous inkjet printers spray a continuous stream of ink, which is electronically controlled to print an image. Drop-on-demand inkjet printers shoot out single drops of ink as needed.

Ink jet printers are the most common type of computer printer. Industry and commerce also use them extensively for special-purpose applications. For example, many ATMs, stock control systems, and cash registers use inkjet printers.

inline

Displayed as part of a message or other document, rather than attached as a separate file. Contrast with attachment.

INN

InterNetNews

A Usenet news server package, originally released by Rich Salz in 1991 and presented at the Summer 1992 USENIX conference in San Antonio, Texas. It was the first news server with integrated Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) functionality.

innd

The main InterNetNews (INN) process that handles all Internet discussion group replications, listens to the specified news port, and responds to connections from newsreaders.

inode

A data structure holding information about files in a UNIX file system. Each file has an inode. A file is uniquely identified by the file system on which it resides and its inode number on that system. Each inode contains the following information: the device where the inode resides, locking information, mode and type of file, the number of links to the file, the owner's user and group IDs, the number of bytes in the file, access and modification times, the time the inode itself was last modified, and the addresses of the file's blocks on disk. A UNIX directory is an association between file leafnames and inode numbers. A file's inode number can be found using the "-i" switch to ls.

input

1. Communication to the computer. Input includes anything typed on the keyboard, retrieved from a disk, or received over a modem.

2. Information going into the computer, usually from typing at the keyboard or from a program reading from disk.

Input/Output engine

The part of the System Fault Tolerance (SFT) III operating system that handles physical processes, such as network and disk I/O, hardware interrupts, device drivers, timing, and routing.

insert

To bring text and graphics into a document at the cursor position.

Insert

1. Refers to the Insert key on the computer keyboard (the key that on most keyboards toggles between insert and typeover or overwrite functionality).

2. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a menu item used to insert data.

install cache

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Novell Application Launcher (NAL) cache subdirectory that contains the application source files needed by NAL to install or verify an application while in disconnected mode.

InstallShield AdminStudio

InstallShield AdminStudio ZENworks Edition

A third-party tool bundled with ZENworks Desktop Management to help customize .msi installations for distribution by ZENworks Desktop Management. It simulates the application's installation, captures the customizations you make, and automatically generates a transform (also called an .mst file) that incorporates these customizations.

instantiate

To provide data to a software structure to create or complete an instance of the structure.

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

A professional organization for engineers in the United States that creates and publishes networking standards for cabling, electrical topology, physical topology, and access schemes. The IEEE belongs to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Integrated Drive Electronics

A hard disk interface (such as ESDI or SCSI) that has replaced the ST-506. The controller hardware is placed on the drive itself for improved performance.

Integrated Services Digital Network

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a type of circuit-switched telephone network system, designed to allow digital (as opposed to analog) transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better quality and higher speeds, than is available with analog systems.

More broadly, ISDN is a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit-switched connections, and for providing advanced call features for the end user.

interexchange carrier

In the United States, a legal and regulatory term for a telecommunications company, commonly called a long-distance telephone company, such as AT&T, MCI, and Sprint. It is defined as a carrier that provides inter LATA (local access and transport area) communication.

interface group

A set of specified interfaces. An interface group allows protocols to request an X.25 or PPP circuit through any one interface from within the group, without having to specify which interface.

Interior Gateway Protocol

A protocol used by gateways to communicate routing information between each other. It can then be used by the IP protocol to direct packets from a gateway to the rest of a network.

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocols are examples of IGPs.

Intermediate Server

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a staging server for moving the data from the lower-level servers up the server hierarchy. It does not have inventoried workstations or inventoried servers attached to it and does not have an Inventory database.

Intermediate Server with Database

Intermediate Server with Database and Inventoried Servers

In ZENworks Server Management, a staging server for moving the data from the lower-level servers up the server hierarchy. It has inventoried servers attached to it and it has an Inventory database.

Intermediate Server with Database and Inventoried Workstations

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a staging server for moving the data from the lower-level servers up the server hierarchy. It has inventoried workstations attached to it and it has an Inventory database.

Intermediate Server with Inventoried Servers

In ZENworks Server Management, a staging server for moving the data from the lower-level servers up the server hierarchy. It has inventoried servers attached to it, but it has no Inventory database.

Intermediate Server with Inventoried Workstations

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a staging server for moving the data from the lower-level servers up the server hierarchy. It has workstations attached to it, but it has no Inventory database.

internal net number

A unique hexadecimal number that is assigned to the NetWare server at installation and serves as a server identification number. It is stored in the autoexec.ncf file and should not be deleted.

IPX uses this number to advertise services and route IPX packets to the external IPX networks attached to the server. On IPX networks this number must also be different from the IPX external network number.

IP uses this number to provide passive IPX support called Compatibility Mode. This means that even though the NetWare server does not advertise or broadcast in this mode, the NetWare server can process and respond to incoming IPX requests.

internal network

A logical network that routes packets to the physical networks to which a NetWare server is attached. Used in NetWare 3 and NetWare 4.

internal network number

A logical network number that identifies an individual NetWare 3 or later version. On IPX networks, the internal network number must be different from the IPX external network number.

International Organization for Standardization

A international organization that establishes global standards for communication and information exchange, and for many other fields of commercial activity.

International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector

The group within the International Telecommunication Sector that defines data communications standards. It was formerly called International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT).

Internet

A publicly available worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP) and many other protocols. It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks. It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

First incarnated as the ARPANET in 1969, the Internet has metamorphosed from a military internetwork to an academic research internetwork to the current commercial internetwork. Also known as "the net," "the information superhighway," and "cyberspace."

Internet address

IP address, Internet Protocol address

A unique, 32-bit software address assigned to all hosts on an IP Internet. It is divided into two parts: a network and a node address. For every computer, the network portion of its address must coincide with every other computer on the network. The node, or host, portion, however, must be unique.

Internet Control Message Protocol

An integral part of the Internet Protocol (IP) that handles error and control messages. Specifically, gateways and hosts use ICMP to send reports of problems about datagrams back to the original datagram source. ICMP is used to report routing errors and messages.

Internet domain

A group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit with common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, domains are defined by the IP address. All devices sharing a common part of the IP address are said to be in the same domain.

A domain is the main subdivision of Internet addresses, the last three letters after the final dot, and it tells you what kind of organization you are dealing with. There are six top-level domains widely used in the US: .com (commercial), .edu (educational), .net (network operations), .gov (US government), .mil (US military), and .org (organization). Other, 2-letter domains represent countries: .uk (the United Kingdom), .ca (Canada), .fr (France), .jp (Japan), and so on.

Internet Engineering Task Force

The Internet Activities Board (IAB) task force responsible for solving the short-term engineering needs of the Internet. They deal with TCP/IP and develop SNMP. They are also charged with developing proposed Internet standards.

internet message access protocol

An application layer Internet protocol used for accessing email on a remote server from a local client. IMAP and POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for email retrieval. Previously called Interactive Mail Access Protocol.

internet network library

A library of functions used for TCP/IP programming.

Internet Protocol

The network layer protocol of TCP/IP. IP enables dissimilar nodes in a heterogeneous environment to communicate with each other. IP defines what form that packets must take and how the packets should be handled when they are transmitted or received. The form the packet takes is called an IP datagram.

Internet Protocol Control Protocol

A TCP/IP Network Control Protocol (NCP) that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, and terminating interaction between peers over a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) link.

Internet Protocol Security

An extended IP protocol which enables secure data transfer. It provides services similar to SSL/TLS; however, these services are provided on a network layer. IPSec can be used for creation of encrypted tunnels between networks (virtual private networks or VPNs).

Internet Relay Chat

A form of instant communication over the Internet. It is mainly designed for group (many-to-many) communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication.

Internet users anywhere in the world can 'chat' with each other by sending text messages via IRC. When combined with an IRC client program that displays a list of the current IRC channels (chat sessions), the user can watch what other users are typing on-screen and respond as desired. Internet relay chat is "real-time" communication, so users must be logged in to the Internet at the same time.

internetwork

1. Two or more networks connected by a router, bridge, or gateway. Each network has a unique IPX external network number. Users on an internetwork can use the resources (files, printers, and so forth) of all connected networks if they have security clearance.

2. A virtual network that consists of two software nodes: the AppleTalk protocol stack and the AppleTalk router.

Internetwork Configuration utility

A menu-based NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that simplifies the use of Novell internetworking products by allowing a network administrator to configure interface boards and network protocols. A network administrator uses INETCFG to bind protocols to different LAN and WAN boards, and also to view all or part of the configuration.

Internetwork Packet Exchange

A NetWare protocol that provides connectionless datagram delivery of messages. IPX is based on the Internetwork Packet protocol, XNS, from the Xerox Corporation.

interoperability

The ability of different types of computers, networks, operating systems, and applications to work together effectively, without prior communication, in order to exchange information in a useful and meaningful manner.

interprocessor interrupt

An interrupt generated by one processor that affects another processor.

interrupt

An asynchronous operating system condition that disrupts normal execution and transfers control to an interrupt handler. Interrupts can be issued by both software and hardware devices requiring service from the processor. When software issues an interrupt, it calls an interrupt service routine (ISR). When hardware issues an interrupt, it signals its interrupt request (IRQ) line.

Different tasks require different interrupt types, such as device I/O interrupts for LAN and disk drivers, hardware platform-specific interrupts that are local to a processor, interprocessor interrupts generated by one processor to affect another processor, and timer interrupts that provide timer services and preemption support for the operating system.

interrupt handler

A hardware line or a software program that processes interrupts. Hardware interrupts are handled by an interrupt request (IRQ) line, and software interrupts are handled by an interrupt service routine (ISR).

interrupt mode

A transmission mode in which the data port of a printer sends a signal, or interrupt, to its port driver (NPRINTER), indicating that it is ready to accept transmission of another character. The interrupt instructs the CPU to suspend its other processing activities so it can service the port.

Interrupt Request

An asynchronous request for some action that can be triggered by hardware or software. Most IRQs are handled by the operating system.

interrupt request line

A hardware line (conductor) on the internal bus of the computer (typically on the motherboard) over which a device such as a port, printer, disk controller, or modem can get the attention of the CPU to process some data.

Typically, each device connected to the computer uses a separate IRQ.

interrupt service routine

A software routine that is executed in response to an interrupt. An ISR, also called an interrupt handler, is registered to process a specific interrupt. When multiple ISRs are registered to process the same interrupt, the ISRs are linked. This means that each ISR can either process the interrupt or pass it on to the next ISR in the chain.

intranet

An intranet is a private network, usually maintained by a corporation for internal communications, which uses Internet--usually web--protocols, software, and servers. It is a relatively cheap, fast, and reliable networking and information warehouse system that links offices around the world. An intranet allows corporate users to communicate with one another and to access the information resources of the Internet.

Unlike the Internet, an intranet is typically limited to one organization or one site, with little or no access to outside users.

intrusion detection system

An automated system that can detect a security violation on a system or a network.

inventoried server

In ZENworks Server Management, the server for which hardware and software inventory is being gathered and maintained.

inventoried workstation

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a workstation for which hardware and software inventory is being gathered and maintained.

inventory

In the ZENworks product family, hardware and software data collected from user workstations, handheld devices, and network servers.

Inventory Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, the software installed on NetWare and Windows inventoried servers. It interfaces with the ZENworks Server Management Policy and Distribution services to read the Server Inventory policy available at the Subscriber. The Subscriber engine enforces the Inventory Agent on the basis of a schedule configured in the Server Inventory Policy. The Inventory Scanner executes with the policy options in the Server Inventory Policy.

Inventory database

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a repository of hardware and software inventory information collected from inventoried workstations and inventoried servers.

Inventory database schema

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a relational database schema that is used to represent hardware and software information collected from workstations and servers. The inventory database schema is based on the CIM schema.

See also CIM schema.

inventory report

In the ZENworks product family, a generated report listing the hardware and software installed on user workstations, handheld devices, or network servers.

Inventory scanner

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a platform-dependent executable that gathers the hardware and software information of workstations or servers and stores the information as .str files on an Inventory server.

Inventory server

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, the server that collects scan data from a group of inventoried servers or inventoried workstations and stores it in the Inventory database.

Inventory Service Manager

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a utility that manages other Inventory services running on the Inventory server based on the configuration properties specified in the server properties file.

Inventory Service object

In ZENworks Desktop Management and Server Management, the eDirectory object that contains the server attributes defining the role of the server, address, and scan directory location.

inventory site

In ZENworks for Desktops and ZENworks for Servers, a network environment consisting of inventoried workstations or inventoried servers and at least one Inventory server.

Inventory tree

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, a logical tree depicting the transmission of the inventory information from the inventoried workstations or inventoried servers and the Inventory servers to the centralized enterprise Inventory database.

Inverse Address Resolution Protocol

Inverse ARP

A protocol that learns the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) for a remote node on a link.

Inverse ARP

Inverse Address Resolution Protocol

A protocol that learns the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) for a remote node on a link.

IP

Internet Protocol

The network layer protocol of TCP/IP. IP enables dissimilar nodes in a heterogeneous environment to communicate with one another. IP defines the form that packets must take and the ways to handle packets when they are transmitted or received. The form the packet takes is called an IP datagram.

IP address

A unique 32-bit address of a computer in a TCP/IP network (the Internet). Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The IP address is often written as 4 decimal numbers separated by periods (for example, 192.168.10.1).

See also IP host address; IP network address.

IP client

ZENworks Handheld Management IP client

In ZENworks Handheld Management, the software which manages Palm OS and Windows CE devices that communicate directly with the IP conduit on the proxy service computer via TCP/IP; no third-party synchronization software (Palm HotSync or Microsoft ActiveSync, for example) is required.

IP host address

Internet Protocol host address

Part of the 4-byte IP address. The IP address can be divided into two logical parts: an IP network address and a local host (node) address. The IP host address is unique for every node on a single network.

See also IP address; IP network address.

IP network address

Internet Protocol network address

Part of the 4-byte IP address. The IP address can be divided into two logical parts: an IP network address and a local host (node) address. The IP network address is the same for every node on a single network.

See also IP address; IP host address.

IP tunneling

A method by which two or more IPX networks exchange IPX packets through an Internet Protocol (IP) internetwork. The tunnel sends each IPX packet across the IP internetwork by encapsulating it in a user datagram protocol (UDP) datagram.

IP/IP gateway

Software that runs on the OSI application layer and allows dissimilar protocols to communicate by filtering communications through industry-standard IP.

IPCACHE

In ZENworks Server Management, discovery software that contains temporary information about devices and networks; used by NXPIP, IPGROPER, and NXPLANZ.

IPChains

The name of the program and associated technology used to create rules controlling network access to and from a particular machine or network. Used to configure firewall rules in the Linux kernel. Ipchains has been superceded by iptables in the 2.4 kernel.

IPCP

Internet Protocol Control Protocol

A TCP/IP Network Control Protocol (NCP) that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, and terminating interaction between peers over a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) link.

IPGROPER

In ZENworks Server Management, discovery software that detects IP host addresses, DNS names, and the following services: DHCP, Telnet, HTTP, SMTP, and FTP.

iPrint

In Novell ZENworks, printing software that uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) to install printer drivers and designate printer addresses. When Novell iPrint is installed, a user with an Internet connection can print from any workstation application to any iPrint printer.

iPrint policy

Novell iPrint policy

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a policy with configuration settings to install the iPrint client and to manage printers using Desktop Management. This policy is contained in the User package and the Workstation package.

iptables

The iptables utility controls the network packet filtering code in the Linux kernel. If you need to set up firewalls and/or IP masquerading, you should install this package.

IPX

Internetwork Packet Exchange

A NetWare protocol that provides connectionless datagram delivery of messages. IPX is based on Xerox Corporation's Internetwork Packet protocol, XNS.

IPX address

An address made up of a 4-byte network number, a 6-byte node number, and a 2-byte socket number. The network number is assigned to each LAN segment, server, or router. The node number identifies a specific system and is typically the number assigned by the manufacturer or the network interface device. The socket number distinguishes processes within the same computer.

IPX external network number

A number that uniquely identifies a network cable segment. An IPX external network number is a hexadecimal number, one to eight digits (1 to FFFFFFFE). The number is arbitrary and is assigned when the IPX protocol is bound to a network board in the server. An IPX external network number is also known as a network number or network address.

IPX internal network number

A logical network number that identifies an individual NetWare server. The IPX internal network number is a hexadecimal number, one to eight digits (1 to FFFFFFFE). It is assigned to the server during installation.
Each server on an IPX network must have a unique IPX internal network number. The IPX internal network number of any node must also be different from any IPX external network number on the internetwork.

IPX network number

A number that uniquely identifies a network cable segment. An IPX external network number is a hexadecimal number, one to eight digits (1 to FFFFFFFE). The number is arbitrary and is assigned when the IPX protocol is bound to a network board in the server. Also known as an IPX external network number or network address.

IPX Route Aggregation

Novell software that enables routes learned through RIP to be introduced into a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) backbone in a summarized form. Route aggregation compactly describes many IPX network numbers simultaneously by using an address and mask pair.

IPX/IP gateway

A system that transfers NetWare data traffic between IP and IPX segments on a mixed protocol network, translating as needed between the two protocols.

IPXODI

Internetwork Packet Exchange Open Data-Link Interface

A module that takes workstation requests the DOS Requester has determined are for the network, packages them with transmission information (such as their destination), and forwards them to the LSL. IPXODI requires each packet to have an initialized header specifying packet source, destination, and handling.

IRC

Internet Relay Chat

A form of instant communication over the Internet. It is mainly designed for group (many-to-many) communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication.

Internet users anywhere in the world can 'chat' with each other by sending text messages via IRC. When combined with an IRC client program that displays a list of the current IRC channels (chat sessions), the user can watch what other users are typing on-screen and respond as desired. Internet relay chat is "real-time" communication, so users must be logged in to the Internet at the same time.

IRF

inherited rights filter

An entry in an object's access control list (ACL) that specifies which rights can and cannot flow down to the object and its subordinates. Only inherited rights can be filtered. Rights granted at the current level, either by explicit assignment or by security equivalence, cannot be blocked. The Supervisor right can be blocked to an object but not to a file or directory. Object rights and property rights are inherited and filtered separately; therefore, object and property rights can be blocked individually without affecting each other.

IRQ

interrupt request; interrupt request line

A hardware line over which a device, such as a printer or modem, can send signals to the processor when the device is ready to send or receive information. Typically, each device connected to the computer uses a separate IRQ.

iSCSI

An IP-based protocol standard for linking data storage devices over a network and transferring data by carrying SCSI commands over TCP/IP networks. iSCSI enables a storage area network (SAN) to be deployed in a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), or metropolitan area network (MAN).

iSCSI Initiator

Servers in a storage area network (SAN) that use the iSCSI protocol to communicate with an iSCSI storage server or target over a TCP/IP network.

iSCSI Target

A server or storage device in a storage area network (SAN) that provides access to shared disks through the iSCSI protocol. iSCSI target software enables the NetWare server it is installed on to function as a disk controller for the shared disk system.

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

An evolving set of standards for a digital network. A digital network carries both voice and data communication.

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

An international organization that establishes global standards for communication and information exchange, and for many other fields of commercial activity.

ISO-9660

Standard governed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the file structure of compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM).

ISP

Internet Service Provider

An organization that provides access to the Internet, usually for a monthly fee. An ISP can be a commercial provider, a corporate computer network, a school, college, university, or the government. Small ISPs provide service via modem and ISDN while the larger ones also offer private line hookups (T1, fractional T1, etc.).

ISR

interrupt service routine

A software routine that is executed in response to an interrupt. An ISR, also called an interrupt handler, is registered to process a specific interrupt. When multiple ISRs are registered to process the same interrupt, the ISRs are linked. This means that each ISR can either process the interrupt or pass it on to the next ISR in the chain.

ITU-T

International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector

The group within the International Telecommunication Sector that defines data communications standards. It was formerly called International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT).

IXC

1. interchange channel--A channel or circuit between exchanges (central telephone offices).

2. interexchange carrier--A long-distance telephone company.

J top

jabber

To continuously send random data (garbage). For example, a network board that locks up a channel for longer than it takes to transmit the maximum size packet is said to be jabbering.

Java

An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. to create executable content (ie, self-running applications) that can be easily distributed through networks like the Internet. Developers use Java to create special programs called applets that can be incorporated in web pages to make them interactive. A Java-enabled web browser is required to interpret and run the Java applets.

Java Virtual Machine

A Java interpreter from the JavaSoft division of Sun, Inc. This interpreter converts Java byte code into machine language one line at a time before it executes. This product is used by software developers who incorporate Java into their Web browsers and server software. Novell produces a JVM to run on NetWare.

JavaBean

A Java class that defines properties as member variables with associated get and set methods. Conditions and actions for rules use this design.

See also action; BeanInfo class; condition.

jitter

Small, rapid variations in a waveform resulting from fluctuations in the voltage supply, mechanical vibrations, or other sources.

jukebox

A high-capacity storage device, sometimes called an optical disk library, that uses an autochanger mechanism to mount and dismount optical disks as they are needed.

junction

1. An alias that redirects users to the root of a volume where a file is stored. Users do not need to know the physical location to access the file; the junction will locate the file from anywhere in the management context.

2. A special type of file that, instead of having data, contains a path name to the root of another volume. The name parser (either on the client or in the File System API) finds the new volume and continues parsing the name on the new volume, which lets several volumes appear as one volume to the user.

JVM

Java Virtual Machine

A Java interpreter from the JavaSoft division of Sun, Inc. This interpreter converts Java byte code into machine language one line at a time before it executes. This product is used by software developers who incorporate Java into their Web browsers and server software. Novell produces a JVM to run on NetWare.

K top

K Desktop Environment

A graphical desktop environment for Linux.

Kbps

kilobits per second

A data rate equal to 1024 bits per second.

KDE

K Desktop Environment

User-friendly graphical desktop environment for Linux.

keep-alive packet

A type of packet sent as a request to a remote peer. A response is usually sent back to the peer sending the request. A keep-alive packet serves as a continuous link confidence test at the access interface, sent at a specified time period. Also called a "tickle packet."

kerberos

An authentication protocol in which a trusted third party, an arbitrator, is relied upon to perform the authentication of clients on a TCP/IP network. Encrypted tickets, rather than traditional plaintext passwords, are transmitted over the network, providing for secure network authentication.

kernel

The core of a network operating system. The kernel provides fundamental operating system services, handling interrupts and the I/O system, managing threads and processes, and allocating and scheduling processor resources. It contains drivers for communication with hardware devices and handles networking. Applications run on top of the kernel.

kernel memory space

The portion of server memory used by the NetWare operating system. Also known as operating system memory space.

key

A piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. In encryption, a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or vice versa during decryption. Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication.

To do anything with the file system, you must have a key. Keys are used to read and write files, open files, get information about files, scan directories, rename files, identify current directories, etc. Getting the first key can be expensive because the user has to be authenticated, but all subsequent keys will be inexpensive to obtain and use.

key distribution center

A service that issues Kerberos tickets, usually run on the same host as the Ticket Granting Server.

Key Material object

A Novell Directory Services (NDS) object that stores trusted root certificates along with a single service certificate and its associated private key. The Key Material object also contains, as a trusted root, the signer of the single service certificate. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) service is configured to use a specified Key Material object during the start of a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session. Each server links to the appropriate Key Material object so that its certificate can be found during the establishment of an SSL session.

key pair

An encryption technology consisting of a public key (available to everyone) and a private key (owned by and available only to a specific individual or entity).
A key pair is used to encrypt or convert information into a format that is difficult or impossible to read. In a digital signature system, the key pair creates and validates the digital signature. In an encryption system, the key pair encrypts and decrypts the message body.
The public and private keys have the following relationships:

Data encrypted with the public key can be decrypted with the private key only.
Data signed with the private key can be verified with the public key only.

Exposing a public key does not expose the corresponding private key.

key size

The size (in bits) of the public key. Generally, the larger the key size, the more resistant the private key is to cryptanalysis (subversion of cryptosystem).

keyboard

An input device consisting of various keys that allows the user to input data, control cursor and pointer locations, and control the dialog with the workstation.

keyboard type

The language for which a computer keyboard is designed.

keystroke

The act of pressing a key on a keyboard.

Kickstart

On Linux, part of the Red Hat operating system used to help install Red Hat. Using Kickstart, a system administrator can create a single file containing the answers to all the questions that would normally be asked during a typical Red Hat Linux installation. Kickstart files can be kept on single server system, and read by individual computers during the installation. This installation method can support the use of a single Kickstart file to install Red Hat Linux on multiple machines, making it ideal for network and system administrators.

kilobit

Approximately one thousand bits (1024 bits, to be exact).

See also Kbps.

kilobits per second

Kbps, kbit/s

A data rate equal to 1024 btis per second.

kilobyte

An amount of computer memory, disk space, or document size consisting of approximately one thousand bytes. Actual value is 1024 bytes. Often used to refer to file sizes.

KMO

Key Material Object

The PKI framework used to securely exchange information, using certification authorities (CAs) and digital signatures to verify and authenticate the validity of persons engaged in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet transactions. A reliable PKI system is necessary before implementing a secure e-commerce strategy.

L top

LAN

Local Area Network

A computer network linking workstations, file servers, printers, and other devices within a local area, such as an office, a building, or a building complex. LANs allow the sharing of resources and the exchange of both video and data.

LAN driver

A device driver that transmits and receives data from the LAN. It serves as a link between a workstation's operating system and the physical network.

LANalyzer Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, an RMON agent (also called the Traffic Analysis Agent) that can run on a NetWare or Windows server to collect information about activity on your network.

lanzcon

In ZENworks Server Management, a utility in the Traffic Analysis Agent that enables or disables network monitoring by the selected network adapters and provides a source of detailed troubleshooting information.

LAPB

Link Access Procedure-Balanced; Link Access Protocol-Balanced
A CCITT and an ITU-T bit-oriented protocol similar to the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol.

large Internet packet

A functionality that allows the maximum size of internetwork packets to be increased beyond 576 bytes.

laser printer

A printer using laser copier technology to produce high-quality printed material from computer data. The laser charges an electrostatically sensitive drum to accept carbon-based toners which are then transferred and fused to paper or transparency material.

latency

The delay inherent between starting to send data and that data starting to arrive at its destination.

launch

The process of starting an application.

launch cache

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a nalcache subdirectory that contains the Novell eDirectory information needed by Novell Application Launcher to start an application. The launch cache also contains the information needed to uninstall the application.

Launch gadget

ZENworks Launch gadget

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Web interface that can be used in a Novell exteNd Director 4.1 portal. Used to launch ZENworks applications.

layout

In the portal Web tier of Novell exteNd, a template that defines how a set of selected portal components should appear on a page. Each user personalization page or group page in an exteNd Director portal application uses a portal layout to specify how the selected components should be arranged on the page.

LCGI

Local Common Gateway Interface

An implementation of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), which is the protocol for processing user-supplied information through server scripts and applications. LCGI invokes and communicates with external processes running on a local Web server.

LCM

Login Client Module

A client-side component of an LSM. The LCM and LSM transmit login credentials using the Multiple Authentication Framework Functions.

LCN

logical channel number

A unique number given to each virtual circuit for a call. An LCN is attached to each packet in the call and differentiates the packets from packets generated by other users for other calls.

LCP

Link Control Protocol

A packet that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, testing, and terminating the operation of PPP data-link connections. LCP also automates the configuration and establishment of serial links for bridges and routers over wide area networks (WANs), and controls the header compression and link quality on dial-up PPP links.

LDAP

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

An X.500-related Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol that clients can use to read and write Directory information. LDAP is used to publish Directory information such as telephone numbers and e-mail addresses.

The Directory features available to LDAP clients are dependent upon the features built into the LDAP server and the LDAP client; some clients have the ability to read and write data; others can only read Directory data.

Web browsers and e-mail programs can query an LDAP-compliant directory (for example, Novell eDirectory).

LDAP allows a client to search through a large database of addresses, phone numbers, and people stored on a server.

LDIF

LDAP Directory Interchange Format

The LDIF format is used to convey directory information (content records) or a description of a set of changes made to directory entries (change records). An LDIF file consists of a series of records separated by line separators.

Records can be Change Records or Content Records. Content Records are usually the result from an LDAP query. They have a basic format of name-value pairs (usually "attribute name":"some value" - such as CN: David). Change Records contain a set of commands for a particular entry (such as add, delete, or modify). They are used when you want to modify entries within your directory.

leading period

A Novell Directory Services (NDS)

leaf object

A Novell Directory Services (NDS) object, located at the end of a branch in the NDS tree, that does not contain any other objects. Examples include User, Group, and NetWare Server objects.

Leaf Server

In ZENworks Desktop Management and ZENworks Server Management, an Inventory server that has inventoried workstations or inventoried servers attached to it for scanning. It is the lowest-level inventory server in the inventory tree hierarchy. It rolls up the scan data to the inventory server above it.

Leaf Server with Database

In ZENworks Desktop Management and Server Management, an Inventory server that has inventoried workstations or inventoried servers attached to it for scanning, and also has an inventory database. It is the lowest-level inventory server in the inventory tree hierarchy. It rolls up the scan data to the inventory server above it.

learning router

A type of router that gets its configuration from a configured router on the same network. This can be an AppleTalk non-seed router.

leased line

A dedicated communications line that is usually leased from a public data networks (PDN) vendor on a monthly basis.

least recently used

An algorithm that calculates the longest period of time that a file, page, or other entity has not been accessed.

LEC

1. Local Exchange Carrier: A telephone company that provides local connections and, if the service area is expanded, connections to the interexchange carrier (IXC).

2. LAN Emulation Client.

LEN

low-entry networking

A network in which type 2.1 nodes are attached directly to one another using peer-to-peer protocols. This allows the low-entry network to support multiple and parallel sessions between logical units (LUs).

level 1 routing

The interaction of routers within the same routing area.

level 2 routing

Routing between areas to form a routing domain controlled by a single administrative unit. For example, communications within an organization would be level 2 routing.

level 3 routing

Routing between routing domains controlled by different administrative units. For example, communications between different companies or academic organizations would be level 3 routing.

LH

link header

The control information for data-link control at the beginning of a basic link unit.

library

In computer science, a collection of subprograms used to develop software. Libraries are distinguished from executables in that they are not independent programs; rather, they are "helper" code that provides services to some other independent program. Today the vast majority of the code that executes in a typical application is located in the libraries it uses.

License Certificate object

An NDS leaf object used with Novell Licensing Services (NLS) technology to represent product license certificates. License Certificate objects are added to the License container object when an NLS-aware application is installed.

License object

A container object created automatically when applications enabled for Novell Licensing Services (NLS) technology are installed, or when a license certificate is created.

Administrators can create a License Certificate through the metering option, even though an application does not comply with Licensing Services APIs. When a metering certificate is created, NLS automatically adds a License container object to NDS.

License Service Provider

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that responds to requests from NetWare Licensing Services (NLS) clients and licensing service managers for licensing information or license units.

lights-out distribution

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the scheduling of an application distribution so that it occurs at non-peak times or at a time prior to when a user will need the application.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

An X.500-related Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol that clients can use to read and write Directory information. LDAP is used to publish Directory information such as telephone numbers and e-mail addresses.
The Directory features available to LDAP clients are dependent upon the features built into the LDAP server and the LDAP client; some clients have the ability to read and write data; others can only read Directory data.
Web browsers and email programs can query an LDAP-compliant directory (for example, Novell eDirectory).

LILO

Linux Loader

Small program installed in the boot sector of the hard disk that starts Linux or another operating system.

LINE

A type of definition statement.

In the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) software, LINE defines the name of the link to Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM).
In Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM), LINE defines the minor node name for the communication line.

line

A circuit, channel, or link that carries data communications signals.

line description

In AS/400, an object that contains information describing a particular communications line that is attached to the system.

link

1. A software connection between two files or objects. A change in one is reflected by a change in the other.

2. A pointer to a file (in a file system). In Linux, a distinction is made between hard and symbolic links. A hard link refers to the exact position in the file system; a symbolic link points only to the respective name.

3. In the Workflow subsystem in Novell exteNd, a specification for routing a work item between activities. Complex branches in the workflow process can be controlled with logical links (AND, OR, XOR) or with conditions and rules from the Rule subsystem.

4. In GroupWise, the information required to route messages from one domain, post office, or gateway to another in a GroupWise system. Default links are created automatically when domains, post offices, and gateways are created. Links are modified with the Link Configuration tool.

Link Access Procedure-Balanced

Synonym for "Link Access Protocol-Balanced."

A CCITT and an ITU-T bit-oriented protocol, similar to the Synchronous Data-Link Control (SDLC) protocol.

Link Access Protocol-Balanced

Synonym for "Link Access Procedure-Balanced."

A CCITT and an ITU-T bit-oriented protocol, similar to the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol.

Link Control Protocol

A packet that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, testing, and terminating the operation of PPP data-link connections. LCP also automates the configuration and establishment of serial links for bridges and routers over wide area networks (WANs), and controls the header compression and link quality on dial-up PPP links.

link header

The control information for data-link control at the beginning of a basic link unit.

link layer

Shortened form for "data-link layer," "link services layer," or "link support layer."

Link Services Layer

Intermediary software that routes packets between LAN boards (with their multiple-link interface drivers MLIDs) and protocol stacks. The LSL maintains LAN board, protocol stack, and packet buffer information.

link state packet

A packet generated by a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) router that lists the router's neighbors and attached IPX networks.

link state protocol

A routing algorithm that controls the way each router broadcasts information about the state of its links (network attachments) to all nodes in the internetwork. This approach reduces routing loops and network traffic but has greater memory requirements than the distance vector algorithm.

NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) are examples of link state protocols.

link state router

A router that uses NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) to distribute its own link states to all other routers on the network and to update its database with link state information received from other routers.

link support layer

An implementation of the Open Data-Link Interface (ODI) specification that serves as an intermediary between the NetWare server or router LAN drivers and communication protocols, such as IPX, AFP, or TCP/IP, and AppleTalk.

link trailer

The control information for data-link control at the end of a basic link unit.

link, hypertext

hypertext link

An electronic cross-reference placed into "computer-viewable" files that allows the user to jump from the current location to another location within the same document or in other documents.

link-level protocol

A set of rules that defines methods for communicating over a channel, circuit, or link.

Linux

High-performance UNIX-like operating system core distributed freely under the GPL (GNU). The name is an acronym (Linus' Unix) and refers to its creator, Linus Torvalds. Although the name, in a strict sense, only refers to the kernel itself, the popular understanding of the term Linux usually entails the entire system.

Linux distribution

A Linux operating system plus application software comprising the Linux kernel, the GNU operating system, assorted free software, and sometimes proprietary software, all created by individuals, groups, or organizations from around the world. Also known as a Linux distro.

Linux distros

Linux Loader

Small program installed in the boot sector of the hard disk that starts Linux or another operating system.

Linux Management

ZENworks Linux Management

Novell ZENworks Linux Management is a powerful and secure management solution that provides IT administrators with centralized control over software configurations on Linux servers and workstations. It uses Policy-Driven Automation to deploy, manage and maintain Linux resources, allowing ZENworks Linux Management to provide centralized control across the lifecycle of Linux systems with desktop lockdown, imaging, remote control, inventory and software management.

Linux Management Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, allows you to manage and monitor all the information about your Linux servers.

LIP

large Internet packet

Allows the maximum size of internetwork packets to be increased beyond 576 bytes.

list role

For the meaning as used in Novell exteNd, see role.

LMI

Local Management Interface

An implementation agreement that addresses signaling and other network management functions.

LMI

layer management interface.

load

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE):
1. To transfer a file from a storage device into the memory of the computer.
2. To mount a tape or disk pack so that it is ready to operate.
3. To make a software program available in memory so that it can be executed.

In NetWare:
To link to the NetWare operating system. For example, NLM programs can be loaded while NetWare is running.

LOAD

1. When multiple menus are created in separate files, this Control command in the menu source file allows these menus to be started from the first menu.

2. In a menu source file, a Control command that allows multiple menus created in separate files to be started from the first menu.

load automatically

To load a program during a computer or operating system startup process without any user intervention.

Generally, this is done by adding a command to a startup file such as config.sys, startup.ncf, or autoexec.bat. Sometimes it is done simply by setting certain parameters in a program; for example, if a program that otherwise would load automatically required a password, setting the password would allow the program to load without user intervention.

load balancing

1. A scheme for distributing network traffic among parallel paths. Load balancing provides redundancy while using the available bandwidth efficiently.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the use of multiple servers to minimize individual server workload in delivering an application.

3. In ZENworks Server Management, the use of scheduling to minimize workload on Distributor servers in the creation and sending of distributions.

load script

A script that contains the commands to start a resource or service on a cluster server or to mount a volume on a cluster server.

See also unload script.

load sharing

The ability of two or more remote bridges or routers to share their traffic load in a parallel configuration. If one bridge or router fails, traffic is routed to the next parallel bridge or router.

loadable module

A program that can be loaded and unloaded from a server or a workstation while the operating system is running.

Loadable Storage Subsystem

A layer in the NSS software architecture that exchanges information with the Media Access Layer (MAL) about storage devices and volumes. Information about the devices and volumes then flows up through the object engine and into the semantic agents. LSS provides the interface for non-NSS storage formats such as CD-ROMs.

Loadable Storage System

See Z Loadable Storage System.

Loadable Storage System

A default journal-based storage system, also known as the Z Loadable Storage System (ZLSS), shipped with Novell Storage Services (NSS). Other storage systems (such as CD-ROM or DOS/FAT) are also provided.

LOCADDR

The local address of a logical unit (LU) at the associated physical unit, given as a decimal integer. In NetWare Link/SNA, LOCADDR=0 is required for independent logical units on a type 2.1 node.

Local Area Network

A computer network linking workstations, file servers, printers, and other devices within a local area, such as an office, a building, or a building complex. LANs allow the sharing of resources and the exchange of both video and data.

Local Common Gateway Interface

An implementation of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), which is the protocol for processing user-supplied information through server scripts and applications. LCGI invokes and communicates with external processes running on a local Web server.

local drive

A storage device that is physically contained in or attached to a workstation.

Local Exchange Carrier

A telephone company that provides local connections and, if the service area is expanded, connections to the interexchange carrier (IXC).

local interrupt

An interrupt that is specific to a hardware platform which, in turn, is local to an individual processor.

Local Management Interface

An implementation agreement that addresses signaling and other network management functions.

local printer

A printer attached directly to a port on the print server.

localhost

The computer system the user is working on. The remote system is any other system in the network with which the local computer can communicate.

Locality

One of the five types of container objects that can be created and added to the NDS tree. The other four are Country (C), Licensed Product (LP), Organization (O), and Organizational Unit (OU). Locality designates the location of this portion of the network. For example, if a Country object such as US exists, a Locality object, EAST, can be added for the East coast under US. The object is placed below the Country object, Organization object, or Organizational Unit object.

LocalTalk network

A system of cables, cable extenders, and connector boxes that connect computers and network devices as part of the AppleTalk network system. A LocalTalk network is an AppleTalk Phase 1 network that supports only a nonextended network configuration.

Location Transparency

The property of a server-side resource, application, or network service that masks its physical location to network clients.

lock

In software engineering, a mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource in an environment where there are many threads of execution. Locks are one way of enforcing concurrency control policies.

Locksmith

A user that has complete access to all exteNd Director application and subsystem objects, regardless of specified access to the individual objects. When you deploy your finished application, you can secure access to administrative functions in your application by changing the Locksmith to a known user in your directory realm.

See also ACL-based security; Security subsystem.

log file

One of the three types of files produced by each backup session. The other two are Data file and Error file. Log files are placed in a directory on the host server and accessed through the SBACKUP "Main Menu" screen. The log files are labeled with the same description given the session. Both log and error files contain information such as the session's date, time, and media identification, but the error file also contains a list of any errors that occurred during the backup session, such as files that were not backed up.

log in

To supply a user name and, if necessary, a password, to gain access to a system or desktop session.

logical block addressing

Maps conceptual data storage onto secondary storage. LBA is used to overcome size limits of hard drives.

logical board

An instance of a LAN driver associated with a frame type. One LAN driver can be associated with up to four frame types. Each instance of the driver and one frame type constitutes one logical board.

logical channel

The mechanism that allows multiple, simultaneous virtual circuits across one physical link.

logical channel number

A unique number given to each virtual circuit for a call. An LCN is attached to each packet in the call and differentiates the packets from packets generated by other users for other calls.

logical drive

An identification for a specific directory located on a disk drive. For example, network drives point to a directory on the network, rather than to a local disk.

logical memory

Memory that might not have contiguous addresses, but that appears contiguous to NetWare processes.

logical unit

A type of network-accessible unit in a Systems Network Architecture (SNA) network. LUs can communicate with host systems and applications (LU Type 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7) or with other LUs of the same type (LU Type 6.0, 6.1, and 6.2 only).

Logical Unit Number

In computer storage, a logical unit number or LUN is an address for an individual disk drive and by extension, the disk device itself. The term originated in the SCSI protocol as a way of differentiating individual disk drives within a common SCSI target device like a disk array.

logical volume

A volume that is set to a specific size or that can grow dynamically according to the amount of physical space assigned to the storage pool that contains the volume.

See also storage pool.

logical volume management

A hard disk drive partitioning scheme that is designed to be more flexible than normal physical partitioning. In particular, logical volume management software allows for changes in the size of individual volumes without a hard reboot of the computer and, in some cases, while the filesystem on the volume is being actively used.

login

The actual profile used to access a network or computer system. It usually consists of a name and a password.

login credentials

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the username and password entered by the user in the login GINA of the Novell Client or the Desktop Management Agent.

Login Device Object

Object contained within an MMG (Method Management Graphical Interface).

Login directory

In NetWare, the directory in volume SYS, created during network installation, that contains the LOGIN and NLIST utilities. Users can use these utilities to log in and view a list of available NetWare servers.

Login Method

Plug-in modules for the Novell Modular Authentication Service (NMAS) framework. Login methods are used to identify a user to the Login Server Module (LSM).

See also LSM; NMAS.

Login Method Container

A Login Method Object for each login method.
Note: The Post Login Method container is contained in the Security container. Post Login Method objects are contained in the Post Login Method container. The Login Policy object is contained in the Security container.

Login Method Object

Object contained in the Login Method container. Every Login Method requires a unique Login Method object.

login name

A unique name given to each user. It is required at login to identify the user. (Also referred to as "username.")

login restriction

A limitation on a user account that controls access to the network. Examples of login restrictions include password requirements, account limits, disk space limits, number of connections, and time restrictions. When a user violates login restrictions, NetWare disables the account and no one can log in using that username.

login script

A list of commands that are executed when a user logs in to the network. The commands are typically used to establish connections to network resources. A login script is a property of a container, Profile, Template, or User object. If a login script is defined for each of these objects (except the Template), all associated login scripts will execute when the user logs in.

Note: The Template script establishes the Login Script property when a new User object is created. As soon as the administrator tailors the script for that particular User object, the Template script no longer executes.

Login Script

Short for "Login Script property."

login script macro

In ZENworks Desktop Management, Novell Client login script variables that can be used in Application object properties.

Login Secret Data

Data that can only be written through the MMG or with the MAF_PutAttribute function.

Login Sequence

An ordered list of login and post login methods. Login sequences are stored in the Login Policy object. There are two types of login sequences: AND and OR. For an AND sequence to be successful, all login methods must validate the user. For an OR sequence to be successful, only one of the login methods must validate the user. In either case, all post login methods must complete successfully.

logout

The user-initiated procedure of closing an interactive computer session, which includes shutting down processes, putting away files, and cutting the user's connection to the system.

In NetWare, logging out breaks a network connection and deletes drives mapped to the network. This procedure can terminate a connection to a single NetWare server or all connections to all NetWare servers.

In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), logging out terminates a desktop session.

In Linux, logging out closes down an interactive Linux session and returns the user to the login prompt.

long machine type

A six-letter name representing a DOS workstation brand.

long.nam

A module that enables NetWare to store files with long filenames.

loopback

A diagnostic test of a communications port in which a signal is transmitted across a medium while the sending device waits for its return.

loopback plug

A connection device that is plugged into a computer's port in order to perform a loopback test. Also referred to as a loopback adapter.

Low-Capacity Storage Device

A piece of hardware, such as a hard drive, that has a smaller data capacity than a high-capacity storage device. It is used to store data in partitions.

low-entry network

A network in which type 2.1 nodes are attached directly to one another using peer-to-peer protocols. This allows the low-entry network to support multiple and parallel sessions between logical units (LUs).

LPR

Line Printer Remote

A printer protocol that uses TCP/IP to establish connections between printers and workstations on a network. The technology was developed originally for Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX and has since become the de facto cross-platform printing protocol.

LPT port

Any of the parallel printer ports of a personal computer.

LRU

Least Recently Used

An algorithm that calculates the longest period of time that a file, page, or other entity has not been accessed.

LRU sitting time

A field in the Cache Utilization screen of MONITOR that displays the time elapsed since the oldest block in the Least Recently Used (LRU) list was referenced. The LRU list identifies blocks that have been in cache the longest time without being accessed. A high LRU sitting time indicates that the server has sufficient memory to handle disk requests or that requests are fairly static.

LSL

Link Support Layer

An implementation of the Open Data-Link Interface (ODI) specification that serves as an intermediary between the NetWare server or router LAN drivers and communication protocols (such as IPX, AFP, or TCP/IP) and AppleTalk.

LSL

Link Services Layer

Intermediary software that routes packets between LAN boards (with their Multiple Link Interface Drivers or MLIDs) and protocol stacks. The LSL maintains LAN board, protocol stack, and packet buffer information.

LSM

Login Server Module

The server-side component of an LCM used to transmit login credentials using the Multiple Authentication Framework Functions in a client-server model.

LSP

1. Link State Packet: A packet generated by a NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) router that lists the router's neighbors and attached IPX networks.

2. License Service Provider: An NLM that responds to requests from NetWare Licensing Services (NLS) clients and licensing service managers for licensing information or license units.

3. Light Speed Pascal.

LSP Server object

A Novell Directory Services (NDS) leaf object that represents a server running Novell Licensing Services. When a License Service Provider (LSP) is registered with NDS, an LSP Server object is created in the same context as the server object on which it is loaded. The LSP Server object can be moved to another context in the Directory.

LSS

Loadable Storage Subsystem

A layer in the NSS software architecture that exchanges information with the Media Access Layer (MAL) about storage devices and volumes. Information about the devices and volumes then flows up through the object engine and into the semantic agents. LSS provides the interface for non-NSS storage formats such as CD-ROMs.

LSS

Loadable Storage System

A default journal-based storage system, also known as the Z Loadable Storage System (ZLSS), shipped with Novell Storage Services (NSS). Other storage systems (such as CD-ROM or DOS/FAT) are also provided.

LT

link trailer

The control information for data-link control at the end of a basic unit.
Also, less than or lower tester.

LU

Logical Unit

A type of network accessible unit in a Systems Network Architecture (SNA) network. LUs can communicate with host systems and applications (LU Type 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7) or with other LUs of the same type (LU Type 6.0, 6.1, and 6.2 only).

LU6.2

Logical Unit type 6.2

A protocol that provides Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) for distributed processing in an SNA network. LU6.2 enables two applications to establish sessions that allow personal computers (PCs) and mid-range hosts to exchange data with a mainframe.

LUN

Logical Unit Number

In computer storage, a logical unit number or LUN is an address for an individual disk drive and by extension, the disk device itself. The term originated in the SCSI protocol as a way of differentiating individual disk drives within a common SCSI target device like a disk array.

M top

M

Abbreviation for the Migrated attribute.

M-bit

more data mark

A component of a user packet. If set, it specifies that the next packet sent is a logical continuation of the data in the current packet.

MAC

Medium Access Control

The middle layer of IEEE 802 LAN Protocol standard.

MAC address

Media Access Control (MAC) address

The hardware address of a device connected to a network. In Ethernet, the Ethernet address.

MAF

Multiple Authentication Framework login protocol
A protocol used for communication; establishes login credentials in NMAS.

Magazine

One of three Web models, the others being Directory and Virtual Storefront. Electronic magazines (called "E-Zines") allow people to create a resource that is filled with information (like a magazine) and to sell their services.

MAGAZINE

1. A network server command that confirms that media requests made from the network server, such as "Insert Magazine" or "Remove Magazine," have or have not been satisfied.

2. A NetWare NLM that confirms whether magazine requests from the server have been satisfied.

mail client

A mail client is the application with which a person reads and sends e-mail. Its counterparts are the various types of mail servers, which handle user authentication and direct messages from sender to the recipient.

MAIL directory

The SYS:MAIL directory, created during network installation, used by mail programs that are compatible with NetWare.

mail transfer agent

The program responsible for delivering e-mail messages. Upon receiving a message from a mail user agent or another MTA, it stores the message temporarily locally and analyzes the recipients and either delivers the message (local addressee) or forwards it to another MTA. In either case, it may edit and/or add to the message headers.

mail user agent

The program that allows the user to compose and read electronic mail messages. The MUA provides the interface between the user and the mail transfer agent (MTA).

See also mail transfer agent.

mail/news gateway

A gateway that sends mail messages to an Internet discussion group.

main memory

Volatile physical memory that allows random access with virtually no delay. This is often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory).

main toolbar buttons

In NetWare Administrator, the core set of buttons that appear on the toolbar of a main view if the main view also contains corresponding menu commands. These buttons are supplemented by tool-specific or view-specific buttons.

major resource

A category of data defined by the Target Service Agent and recognized by SBACKUP. A major resource contains data that can be backed up as a group (a server or volume, for example).

Make Locally mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that takes an image of the computer and stores it in a partition on a local drive.

Make mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that takes an image of the computer and stores it in a specified location, either locally or on an Imaging server.

Make on Proxy mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that takes an image of the computer and stores it on an Imaging server.

MAL

Media Access Layer

A layer in the NSS software architecture that provides an abstracted interface to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROMs, in order to chunk large amounts of storage free space and eventually break it into storage groups and NSS volumes.

The MAL allows NSS storage space to be independent of the physical storage platform of a host. It lets users view the storage capability of a server as storage groups and NSS volumes.

MAN

Metropolitan area network.

man pages

Traditional form of documentation for UNIX systems that can be read using the man command. Man pages are usually written in the style of a reference.

managed handheld device

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a handheld device that has the ZENworks Handheld Management client installed. The administrator can do such things as apply policies to associated devices, collect software and hardware inventory from devices, and distribute applications to devices.

managed object

1. A device that is connected to a network and that can be managed by network management software or a protocol such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

2. A storage-free space object that is owned by NSS and is deposited in the NSS object bank for NSS use.

managed server

1. In ZENworks Server Management, a server that has the Server Management Remote Management Agent installed in order to enable remotely controlling, viewing, or managing the server.

2. In ZENworks Server Management and Monitoring Services, a server where the Server Management Remote Management Agent is installed in order to provide real-time server performance data and information about server alarms and events that can be viewed at the network management console.

managed workstation

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, a remote workstation that the administrator can manage. The administrator can do such things as assume control of the workstation, download or execute files, and diagnose problems on the workstation.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Windows workstation that has the Desktop Management Remote Management Agent installed, allowing an administrator to use remote control, remote viewing, diagnostics, FTP, remote execute, and remote audit capabilities.

Management Agent

In ZENworks Server Management, any one of the Novell SNMP-based agents for NetWare, Windows, and Linux servers that provide real-time server performance data and information about server alarms and events.

Management and Monitoring Services

In ZENworks Server Management, a component that provides industry-standards-based monitoring, management, and reporting for heterogeneous network environments, including support for multiprotocol LAN/WAN networks and servers. It includes Management Site Services, Server Management, and Traffic Analysis.

management console

In ZENworks Desktop Management and Server Management, a Windows workstation or server running Novell ConsoleOne with the ZENworks snap-ins installed. It provides the interface to manage and administer the inventory system, Remote Management system, and Management and Monitoring services.

Management database

In ZENworks Server Management, the central information repository used to store management information.

Management Information Base

1. A database of network management information about the configuration and status of nodes on a TCP/IP-based internetwork. MIB is used by the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

2. An ASCII text file written in a specific format that describes the management information available on a particular class of devices.

management server

In ZENworks Server Management, a server with eDirectory and the Server Management Distributor components installed to enable a secure Remote Management session or a server with eDirectory and the Server Management and Monitoring Services components installed to enable monitoring segments and devices on a network.

Management Site Services

In ZENworks Server Management, a component that includes the capability for alarm management, database administration, MIB tools administration, monitoring services, network discovery, reporting, role-based services, topology mapping, Web-based health reports, and traffic analysis.

manager

A Novell Directory Services (NDS) category for a user who has rights to manage other objects. To manage an object, a user must have the Write right to the Object Trustees (ACL) property.

MANET

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Also called ad-hoc network. Describes an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over bandwidth-constrained wireless links for a wide range of purposes such as establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks.

Such network scenarios cannot rely on centralized and organized connectivity, and can be conceived as applications of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

(See the official charter of IETF working group on MANET.)

master

1. Term for a hard drive that controls other drives on the same connection. A master drive is usually the primary drive and is often used to load the computer's operating system.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the image file that will be multicast to many computers.

Master Boot Record

The first physical sector of the hard disk whose content is loaded to the main memory and executed by the BIOS. This code then either loads the operating system from a hard disk partition or a more sophisticated boot loader, such as LILO or GRUB.

master drive

The primary drive on an Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) chain. The master drive is usually bootable and/or contains an operating system's most critical files.

master name server

A single server in an administrative zone that maintains an authoritative database of name and address information for that zone. It also contains information about how to contact name servers in higher- and lower-level zones.

master replica

A writable replica that contains an instance of all object information for the partition. All partition operations (create, merge, move, create a replica, delete a replica, repair) occur in relation to the master replica of the given partition. Only one master replica at a time can exist for any partition.

master watchdog

A number specifying the amount of time between transmits for the master node in the cluster.

See also heartbeat; slave watchdog; tolerance.

maximum receive unit

A Link Control Protocol (LCP) option used to negotiate the maximum packet size. The MRU is sent to inform the peer that the implementation can receive larger packets or to request that the peer send smaller packets.

maximum transmission unit

The largest packet size, in bytes, that can be sent on a given physical network medium. For example, the MTU for Ethernet is 1500 bytes.

MB

megabyte

A unit of measure of computer memory, equal to 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes.

mbit/s

megabits per second

A data rate equal to 1,048,576 bits per second (bps). Also written as Mbps.

Mbps

megabits per second

A data rate equal to 1,048,576 bits per second (bps). Also written as mbit/s or Mbit/s.

MBR (master boot record)

The first physical sector of the hard disk from which the content is loaded to the main memory and executed by the BIOS. This code then loads either the operating system from a hard disk partition or a more sophisticated boot loader, such as LILO.

MD5

Algorithm for generating checksums. These checksums are generated in a way that makes it virtually impossible to create a file that has a given MD5 checksum but a different content than the original file.

Media Access Control

In the OSI Reference Model, the Data-Link layer protocol that governs communication between the Data-Link and Physical layers; controls the use of the network hardware.

Media Access Control layer

MAC layer

The lower half of the Data-Link layer in the OSI Model. The MAC layer frame format allows for multiple Network-layer protocols to be transported across MAC layer bridges.

Media Access Layer

A layer in the NSS software architecture that provides an abstracted interface to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROMs, in order to chunk large amounts of storage free space and eventually break it into storage groups and NSS volumes.

The MAL allows NSS storage space to be independent of the physical storage platform of a host. It lets users view the storage capability of a server as storage groups and NSS volumes.

Media Manager

A database built into NetWare that keeps track of all peripheral storage devices and media attached to NetWare servers, and allows applications to gain access and get information.

megabit

A unit of memory measurement equal to approximately one million bits. The actual value is 1,048,576 bits.

megabyte

An amount of computer memory consisting of about one million bytes. The actual value is 1,048,576 bytes.

memory

The internal dynamic storage of a computer that can be addressed by the computer's operating system, referred to frequently as RAM.
Memory accepts and holds binary data. To be effective, a computer must store the data that is operated on, as well as the program that directs the operations to be performed.
Types of memory include conventional, expanded, extended, upper, high, and system.

memory allocation

The process of reserving specific memory locations in RAM for processes, instructions, and data.

When a computer system is installed, the installer may allocate memory for items such as disk caches, RAM disks, extended memory, and expanded memory.
Operating systems and application programs allocate memory to meet their requirements, but they can use only that memory actually available to them.
Memory can be reallocated between resources to optimize performance. The proper memory allocation mix depends on the applications that are run.

memory board

An add-on board that increases the amount of RAM within a personal computer.

Memory Management Unit

A portion of the microprocessor that provides memory address mechanisms, such as segmentation and paging, which are used by the NetWare operating system to manage memory. The MMU partitions memory for programs and prevents unwanted access to the memory.

memory page

A 4 KB block of server memory.

memory stick

In ZENworks Handheld Management, a storage device that plugs into the expansion slot of a Palm OS device to store software applications, pictures, and audio files. ZENworks Handheld Management supports memory sticks in Palm OS devices running Palm OS 4 and newer. Also called secure digital (SD) cards or expansion cards.

message digest

A compressed or condensed form of a document, or an abstract from a document, that functions as a "digital fingerprint" of the larger document. A message digest is used to create a digital signature that is unique to a particular document.
A message digest can be made public without revealing the contents of the document from which it is derived. This is important in digital time-stamping, where, using hash functions, one can get a document time-stamped without revealing its contents to the time-stamping service.

Message Handling Service

Novell's store-and-forward technology for sending electronic mail messages.

message pacing

A technique used by a receiving component to control the rate of transmission of a sending component, thus preventing overrun or congestion. Message pacing sets the maximum number of request units (RUs) that the local LU can receive without sending a pacing response on sessions for the specified mode name. The maximum number of RUs is the pacing window. The range of values is 0 through 63.

message packet

A unit of information used in network communication.

metadata

In the Content Management subsystem, a definition or description of data.

Metropolitan Area Network

A data network designed for a town or city. MANs are larger than local area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide area networks (WANs). MANs are usually characterized by high-speed connections using fiber optical cable or other digital media.

MIB

Management Information Base

A database of network management information about the configuration and status of nodes on a TCP/IP-based internetwork. MIB is used by the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

MIB Browser

In ZENworks Server Management, software that lets administrators communicate with devices and issue SNMP commands through an SNMP agent such as the NetWare Management Agent, by using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or the Internet Protocol (IP). The results of SNMP commands are displayed in the MIB Browser window.

MIB compiler

In ZENworks Server Management, software that parses a set of predefined MIB files, verifies their syntax, and then stores the compiled MIB information in the ZENworks Server Management database, so all users can access the compiled files from a central location.

MIB pool

In ZENworks Server Management, the set of SNMP MIBs compiled on the Management Site Server. The MIB pool contains the MIB information and alarm traps integrated with the Management database.

MIB Server Pool

In ZENworks Server Management, the area of the ZENworks Server Management database where compiled MIBs are stored.

Microsoft Active Directory

An advanced, hierarchical directory service that is an integral part of the Microsoft Windows 2000 architecture. It is LDAP-compliant and built on the Internet

Microsoft ActiveSync

In ZENworks Handheld Management, third-party synchronization software that transfers data between the ZENworks Handheld Management server and a Windows CE handheld device.

Microsoft Systems Management Server

A product for managing large groups of Microsoft-based computer systems. Microsoft SMS provides remote control, patch management, software distribution, and hardware/software inventory.

Middle Tier Server

1. ZENworks Desktop Management: Software installed on a Windows or NetWare server where a Web server is already installed. The modules of the Middle Tier Server plug in to the Web server software and act as a Web service.

2. NetWare: Software that resides between the client and the file system or database. A middle-tier server receives and processes requests from clients. This often eliminates the need for client programs to deal with the complexity of databases and other complex back-end systems. A middle-tier server can support a variety of clients, such as Web browsers, Java applications, and hand-held devices. The clients handle the user interface and do not query databases or file systems directly; the middle-tier server handles the requests.

See also XTier.

migrate

To move data from one location or server to another.

Migrated

Short for "Migrated attribute."

Migrated attribute

A file system attribute, set by NetWare, that indicates the file has been migrated. It is shown in attribute listings but cannot be set by users.

migration

The conversion of servers from NetWare 2, NetWare 3, or another operating system to NetWare 4 or higher.

migration

1. The moving of data files and directories from one system to another, usually when a system is upgraded or a different system is installed.

2. The transfer of inactive data from a NetWare volume to tape, optical disk, or other near-line or offline storage media. Data migration lets an administrator move data to a storage device, while NetWare still sees the data as residing on the volume.

3. The conversion of a server, router, or network from IPX to NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), or from TCP/IP to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol.

4. The process of moving from one hardware or software technology to another.

MIME type

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension type

A convention used to map a data type to a particular filename extension. A MIME type header is sent with every Web document to describe the content of the document. Web browsers use the MIME type to determine how to process the document.

minor resource

A category of data defined by the Target Service Agent (TSA) and recognized by SBACKUP. A minor resource, such as a directory, subdirectory, or file, might be located in the directory structure below the selected major resource.

mirror

To duplicate a disk, partition, server, or other device.

In NetWare, to duplicate data on two separate hard disks using the same disk channel. If the original disk fails, the duplicate disk takes over automatically without loss of data. If the disk channel fails, however, neither disk is accessible.

mirrored server engine

The part of the SFT III operating system that handles nonphysical processes, such as the NetWare file system, queue management, and NDS.

SFT III is split into two parts: the IOEngine (Input/Output Engine) and the MSEngine. The MSEngine keeps track of active network processes; it provides uninterrupted network service when the primary server fails and the secondary server takes over.

Mirrored Server Link

A dedicated, high-speed connection between SFT III primary and secondary servers.

mirroring

Short for "disk mirroring."

MLID

Multiple Link Interface Driver

A device driver written to the ODI specification that handles sending packets to and receiving packets from a physical or logical LAN medium.

MMG

Method Management Graphical Interface. Java snapin applications designed to operate within the Novell ConsoleOne management framework. An MMG snapin application for a Authentication Store.

NMAS provides the Method Management Functions that allow the MMG to access the Authentication Store.

MMU

Memory Management Unit

A portion of the microprocessor which provides memory address mechanisms, such as segmentation and paging, that are used by the NetWare operating system to manage memory. The MMU partitions memory for programs and prevents unwanted access to the memory.

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Also called ad-hoc network. Describes an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over bandwidth-constrained wireless links for a wide range of purposes such as establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks.

Such network scenarios cannot rely on centralized and organized connectivity, and can be conceived as applications of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

(See the official charter of IETF working group on MANET.)

mode table

A table used at login to determine the session properties of a logical unit (LU).

modem

modulator/demodulator

A device that transmits and receives digital computer data over telephone lines.

moderator

An individual who manages a newsgroup in order to keep the discussion focused.

MODETAB

An operand in a Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) definition statement coded with the name of the login mode table used for a logical unit (LU).

modifiable

A key attribute that allows you to modify the key field during an update to a file. If a key is not modifiable, you cannot change the value in the key field.

Modify bit

When a file is changed, a file attribute set by the operating system to indicate that data has been modified.
The NetWare modify bit, called Archive Needed Attribute, appears as an "A" wherever file attributes are listed.

Modify right

A file system right that allows the trustee to rename the file or directory or to change its attributes. In the case of a directory, the trustee can also rename or modify the attributes of any subordinate file or directories.
This right doesn't allow the trustee to see or modify the actual contents of files.

modular

Describes a program that is written in component pieces that can be run independently. Object-oriented programming is used to develop self-contained modules that run independently but that work together when plugged in.

module

A software entity that groups a set of (typically cohesive) subprograms and data structures. Modules promote encapsulation (i.e., information hiding) through a separation between the interface and the implementation.

modulo 8 or 128

A packet sequence numbering method that specifies the control over the numbering of sequential data packets in a window.

MONITOR

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that the network administrator uses to manage, optimize, and troubleshoot the performance of the NetWare server.

monitor

In GroupWise 4.1a XTD Workflow, a person who has been designated to track the workflow.

Monitoring Services

In ZENworks Server Management, a component that lets administrators test the connectivity and availability of services on a network device. Monitoring Services are also called Remote Ping.

more data mark

A component of a user packet. If set, it specifies that the next packet sent is a logical continuation of the data in the current packet.

motherboard

The main printed circuit board in a computer that carries the system buses. It is equipped with sockets to which all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected. Also known as the logic board, main board, or computer board.

mount

1. To make a device, file, or other entity locally available on a computer.

2. In NFS (Network File System): A server maintains a list of its directories that are available to clients. When a client mounts a directory on the server, that directory and its subdirectories become part of the client's directory hierarchy.

3. In the Common Desktop Environment (CDE): To extend the directory hierarchy by attaching a file system from somewhere else in the hierarchy on a mount point directory.

4. In File Manager (Set 30, message 4): To cause the root directory of a disk or partition to take the place of a directory on the root disk or partition.

mount point

1. A mount point is a term used to describe where the computer puts the files in a file system on Unix-like systems. For example, many modern Linux distributions automatically mount the CD drive as /mnt/cdrom, so the contents of the CD drive will appear in the /mnt/cdrom directory. A device can be mounted anywhere on the directory structure, however only the root account can mount a new file system. A filesystem can be mounted by running the mount command.

2. A mount point is a directory on a volume that an application can use to "mount" (set up for use) a different volume. Mount points overcome the limitation on drive letters and allow more logical organization of files and folders.

mounting

The process of inserting a file system into a system's directory tree.

mouse

A handheld pointing device for computers, involving a small object fitted with one or more buttons and shaped to sit naturally under the hand. The underside of the mouse houses a device that detects the mouse's motion relative to the flat surface on which it sits. The mouse's 2D motion is typically translated into the motion of a cursor (usually a pointer or arrow) on the display.

MP

MultiProcessor

MP3

Compression algorithm for audio files that reduces the data size by about a factor of ten in contrast to the uncompressed audio file. It is called a lossy compression because information and quality are lost in the process.

MPK

multiprocessing kernel

The core of the NetWare 5 operating system. The NetWare 5 kernel is integrated to run on both multiprocessor and uniprocessor systems; it is completely multithreaded, and it provides support for preemptible applications. MPK provides fundamental operating system services, such as handling interrupts and the I/O system, managing threads and processes, and allocating and scheduling processor resources.

MRU

Maximum Receive Unit

A Link Control Protocol (LCP) option used to negotiate the maximum packet size.

MSEngine

mirrored server engine

The part of the SFT III operating system that handles nonphysical processes, such as the NetWare file system, queue management, and NDS.

SFT III is split into two parts: the IOEngine (Input/Output Engine) and the MSEngine. The MSEngine keeps track of active network processes; it provides uninterrupted network service when the primary server fails and the secondary server takes over.

MSL

Mirrored Server Link

A dedicated, high-speed connection between SFT III primary and secondary servers.

MTU

Maximum Transmission Unit

The largest packet size, in bytes, that can be sent on a given physical network medium. For example, the MTU for Ethernet is 1500 bytes. Also Message Transfer Unit.

multi-homed

A server with two or more network connections (that is, a unique network address assigned to each of two or more network interface cards) to improve performance on the network.

multicast

1. In NetWare, a transmission method in which only those devices listening for a specified multicast packet address accept the routing information packet.

2. In ZENworks Desktop Management, to send an image over IP to other workstations and to place the image on each of those workstations simultaneously.

Multicast mode

In ZENworks Desktop Management, an imaging mode that takes an image of one computer and places it on multiple other computers simultaneously over the network without eDirectory or Desktop Management Server involvement. Also called the Session mode.

Multiple Link Interface Driver

A device driver written to the ODI specification that handles sending packets to and receiving packets from a physical or logical LAN medium.

multiplexing

A method that allows a single communications circuit to take the place of several parallel ones. Multiplexing is often used to allow remote terminals to communicate with front-end processor ports over a single circuit.

multiprocessing kernel

The core of the NetWare 5 operating system. The NetWare 5 kernel is integrated to run on both multiprocessor and uniprocessor systems; it is completely multithreaded, and it provides support for preemptible applications. MPK provides fundamental operating system services, such as handling interrupts and the I/O system, managing threads and processes, and allocating and scheduling processor resources.

multiprocessor

A desktop workstation with two or more CPUs for routine processing.

multiserver network

A single network that has two or more NetWare servers operating. On a multiserver network, users can access files from any NetWare server they have access rights to.
A multiserver network is not the same as an internetwork, where two or more networks are linked through a router.

multitasking

The ability of a computer, operating system, or application to perform (or appear to perform) more than one task or operation at the same time. For example, a multitasking operating system might let you simultaneously use your computer system to download information from a remote computer with a modem, print out a word processing file, and sort a data base.

This is usually done by time-slicing the execution of individual processes and performing a context switch each time a process is swapped in or out - supported by special-purpose hardware in some computers. Most operating systems support multitasking, but it can be costly if the need to switch large caches or execution pipelines makes context switching expensive in time.

multithreading

The simultaneous execution of more than one thread within a process or application. Multithreading is an extension of multitasking. When you give a multithreading application a task, it immediately begins performing the task in the background and opens a new thread, so the mouse and keyboard regain focus and you can continue with your next action, rather than waiting, with an hourglass, until the first task is complete.

multiuser

The capability of an operating system to let multiple users work in parallel on a computer.

mutex

mutual exclusion

An atomic lock variable that prevents multiple threads from accessing shared data structures at the same time. Types of mutexes include spin, sleep, and barrier.

myapps.html

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the HTML page that opens the Application Browser view. It is installed to the ZENworks Middle Tier Server so that users can access it from that Web server. It is also installed to users' workstations by the ZENworks Desktop Management Agent installation program and the NAL plug-in installation manager so that users can access the Application Browser without a Middle Tier Server.

MyPortal

In Novell exteNd, a facility that lets a user display his or her personal page. The user can customize these pages by selecting components and specifying the layout with the Portal Personalizer. MyPortal and the Portal Personalizer are part of the portal Web tier.

N top

N

Abbreviation for the Normal attribute.

NACS

NetWare Asynchronous Communication Services

Software that enables network managers to provide LAN users with access to shared modem pools, asynchronous minicomputer ports, and X.25 and ISDN services for communications inbound to and outbound from the network. NACS enable any workstation on the network to share either dial-up phone lines or phone lines directly connected to a host computer or other asynchronous device.

NAK

negative acknowledgment

A signal that reports an error in the message received; the opposite of ACK, or acknowledgment.

NAL

Novell Application Launcher

NAL cache

Novell Application Launcher (NAL) cache

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a hidden directory (nalcache) that Novell Application Launcher (NAL) creates on the root of the Windows drive to contain the information used by NAL to install, launch, and heal applications while in disconnected mode.

NAL plug-in

Novell Application Launcher (NAL) plug-in

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Web browser plug-in that users can download from a ZENworks Middle Tier Server. The plug-in provides only the NAL files required to launch user-associated applications (not workstation-associated applications) from the Application Explorer or Application Browser views. To install the plug-in, users must have administrative rights to their workstations.

NAL Plug-in Installation Manager

A Windows .dll file (zfdwebinstallmgr.dll) that, when installed on a user workstation, controls the downloading of the Novell Application Launcher (NAL) plug-in to the workstation.

NAL Service for Windows

Novell Application Launcher Service for Windows

In ZENworks Desktop Management, a Windows service (nalntsrv.exe) that runs in the workstation's system space to enable NAL to install, uninstall, cache, and run applications when the user does not have the required workstation file system access or when an application has been configured to run in the system space rather than the user space.

NAL Workstation Helper

Novell Application Launcher Workstation Helper

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the user workstation software that plugs in to Workstation Manager and enables workstation-associated applications to be installed, uninstalled, cached, and run. This allows for application management based on the workstation rather than on a user logged in to the workstation.

nalntsrv.exe

Novell Application Launcher (NAL) Service

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the Windows service that runs in the workstation's system space to enable NAL to install, uninstall, cache, and run applications when the user does not have the required workstation file system access or when an application has been configured to run in the system space rather than the user space.

nalview.exe

Application Explorer

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the executable file that starts Novell Application Launcher (NAL) with the Application Explorer view.

nalwin.exe

Application Window

In ZENworks Desktop Management, the executable file that starts Novell Application Launcher (NAL) with the Application Window view.

Name Binding Protocol

An AppleTalk protocol for translating device names to internetwork addresses. For example, Macintosh Chooser and atcon.nlm find AppleTalk entities using NBP.

name context

The position of an object in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree. This position is described by listing the container objects leading from the object to the [Root] of the NDS tree.

name resolution

The process by which a network address is associated with a hostname assigned by the network administrator.

In the Domain Name System (DNS), this process translates an IP address into a hostname.

name server

A name server, or domain name server (DNS), that maintains cross-references between domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. Name servers are used so that people don

name server, GroupWise

In GroupWise, a DNS entry for a Post Office Agent (POA). The name server identifies the IP address of one of the POAs in the GroupWise system. This enables the GroupWise client to connect through TCP/IP to the name server POA without the user needing to know the IP address of the POA. Once the GroupWise client is connected, the name server POA then tells the GroupWise client the IP address of the POA servicing the user's post office. The GroupWise client then logs in to that POA.

There can be a primary name server and a backup name server. The DNS host name for the primary name server must be NGWNAMESERVER. The DNS host name for the backup name server must be NGWNAMESERVER2.

name server, NetWare

In NetWare, a server that maintains a DNS database of hostname and IP address mappings. Name servers respond to queries from servers and client workstations for host addresses. Each DNS zone must include a name server containing information about each host in the zone.

name space

Controls the syntax of naming, such as which characters are legal in filenames and path separators, how long the name can be, and whether case is significant and/or preserved.

Every volume must have one or more name spaces associated with it. If a volume has more than one name space associated with it, valid filenames will be maintained on that volume for all of its name spaces. If a file name is legal in more than one name space, it is stored only once and shared by the name spaces.

name space NLM

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables a NetWare server to store non-DOS files, such as Macintosh, OS/2, or UNIX.

name space support

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) with a .nam extension that allows users to store non-DOS filenames on a NetWare server. Files appear in native mode to users at different types of workstations.

name type

Used to logically group similar types of named objects together in a directory. For example, a standard directory container may contain both named files and named data streams. Both types of names are stored in the same directory, but they are logically grouped together so that each type of name is distinguishable from the other.

name-only directory

The name and attributes of a directory that has been created as a result of replication. The contents of the directory are not replicated. Name-only directories are replicated to preserve the user's view of a volume's directory structure when working with data from that volume on a replica server.

namespace

1. In Novell exteNd, a label associated with the exteNd Director application. The label becomes part of the application's URL and makes references to application pages unique.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, a location in Novell ConsoleOne where you can display and view critical configuration information about your servers. You can then use this information to manage and control the servers on your managed network.

naming services

In NSS, a layer in the Common Layer Interface (CLI) software architecture that contains basic object-naming and lookup operations as well as name space management services. It contains generations of unique names across all available name spaces.

NASI

NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface

A memory-resident program that runs on a workstation, and that offers DOS and Windows communications applications network access to pooled communication resources.

NASI Connection Service

Software that establishes a logical connection between a remote access port and a network workstation. This connection enables network workstations to dial out of the network with third-party applications using a pool of modems on the server.

NASI Redirector

Now called Windows-to-Novell Connection Service (Win2NCS).

NAT

1. Network Address Translation
Software that translates IP addresses that are not globally unique on a private network to a globally unique public IP address. NAT allows IP hosts on a private network to access the Internet. NAT can also limit the access of hosts on the public network to resources on a private network.

2. NetWare Architectural Team
A part of the Product Life Cycle management decision process.

3. Network Access Terminal

NBP

Name Binding Protocol

An AppleTalk protocol for translating device names to internetwork addresses. For example, Macintosh Chooser and atcon.nlm find AppleTalk entities using NBP.

ncm.nlm

Novell Configuration Manager NLM

For PCI Hot Plug servers, a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that manages the hot plug system and ensures proper system behavior. Its primary function is to sequence hot plug operations to ensure stability of the system. To achieve this function, the Configuration Manager properly shuts down the adapter's device driver before removing power from the slot. The Configuration Manager also maps hardware resources to device driver software.

ncmcon.nlm

Novell Configuration Manager Console NLM

A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that provides the interface for controlling all hot plug operations and functions in NetWare systems. In addition, it displays slot configuration details, including adapter driver information and status.

NCP

1. NetWare Core Protocol: A packet-based protocol that enables a client to send requests to and receive replies from a NetWare server.

2. Network Control Program: In Systems Network Architecture (SNA), the network control program that routes and addresses SNA devices.

3. Network Control Protocol: The protocol that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, and terminating interaction between peers over a PPP link. For example, Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) is the Network Control Protocol for TCP/IP.

4. Network Co-Processor: A Vax file service product from Virtual Microsystems, Inc.

5. Not copy protected.

NCP Packet Signature

NetWare Core Protocol Packet Signature

An enhanced security feature that protects servers and workstations using NCP by preventing packet forgery.

NCS

1. NASI Connection Service: Software that establishes a logical connection between a remote access port and a network workstation. This connection enables network workstations to dial out of the network with third-party applications using a pool of modems on the server.

2. NetWare Connect Services: A Novell software term referring to the use of NetWare to support global networks.

NDAP

Novell Directory Access Protocol

A method of accessing eDirectory using the C programming language and the Novell Developer Kit libraries. NDAP is dependent on the Novell Client.

NDPS

Novell Distributed Print Services

Print services software that allows network administrators to manage network printing from within Novell Directory Services (NDS). Features include bi-directional feedback, configurable event notification, automatic printer driver download function, protocol independence, and backward compatibility.

NDPS Manager

Short for "NDPS Manager object."

NDPS Manager object

NDPSM.NLM

An NDS object associated with NDPS that is used to create and manage Printer Agents.

NDS

Novell Directory Services

A distributed, replicated naming service that maintains information about, and provides access to, every resource on the network.
Also, Network Disk Subsystem.

NDS browser

Novell Directory Services browser

An application that allows clients to view objects and their attributes within the NDS tree. NDS browsers are available on many platforms, including an HTML browser for Netscape Navigator.

NDS browser tool

Novell Directory Services browser tool

The tool that is activated by default when NetWare Administrator starts up. It provides a main view in which NDS appears as an expandable and collapsible tree. It is also called the "NetWare Administrator browser" or simply "the browser."

NDS database

The database used by Novell Directory Services (NDS). It contains information about every resource on the network, including users, groups, printers, volumes, and computers.

NDS management request

Novell Directory Services management request

A request that controls the physical distribution of the NDS database. Through these requests, network administrators can create new NDS partitions and manage their replicas. The following requests are supported:

Add replica
Delete replica
List replicas
Change replica type
Send updates to other replicas
Receive updates from other replicas
Create a new partition
Merge partition
Abort partition operation

NDS Manager

Novell Directory Services Manager

The graphical utility used to manage NDS partitions, replicas, and schemas.

NDS object

Novell Directory Services object

A record in the NDS database representing a network resource, such as an Organizational Unit, User, Printer, or Group.

NDS partition

A subtree within the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree.

See also NetWare partition.

NDS replica

Novell Directory Services replica

A copy of an NDS partition.

For the NDS database to be distributed across a network, it must be stored on many servers. Rather than storing a copy of the whole NDS database on each server, NDS replicas of each partition are stored on many servers throughout the network. Administrators can create an unlimited number of NDS replicas for each partition and store them on any server. NDS replicas serve two purposes: they eliminate single points of failure, and they provide faster access to information for users across WAN links.

Types of NDS replicas include master replicas, read/write replicas, read-only replicas, and subordinate reference replicas. To maintain fault tolerance, the replicas of a partition are periodically (and automatically) updated, or synchronized.

NDS rights

Novell Directory Services rights

The authority to access or manage NDS objects or their properties. The object holding authority is called the trustee, and the NDS object being accessed or managed is called the target.

NDS schema

Novell Directory Services schema

The rules that define what will become an NDS object (such as a User, a Printer, or a Group) and which information is required or optional at the time that the NDS object is created.

NDS server

Novell Directory Services server

A server hosting NDS operations, with the capability of holding and synchronizing replicas.

NDS tree

Novell Directory Services tree

A hierarchical structure of objects in the NDS database. The NDS tree includes container objects that are used to organize the network and leaf objects that represent resources.

NEB

Novell Event Bus

An NLM that facilitates communications between different software modules. The Novell Event Bus enables PCI Hot Plug Technology on multiple versions of NetWare.

Also, Norton Enterprise Backup.

neighbor

A NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) router that can communicate directly with another NLSP router; that is, without the aid of an intermediate router. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routers can also function as neighbors.

neighboring router

In the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, a router that shares a route to the same network with another router.

NET.CFG

A workstation boot file, similar to CONFIG.SYS in DOS, that contains network configuration values that are read and interpreted when the workstation is started.

NetBIOS

Network Basic Input/Output System

An application program interface that is typically used on local area networks comprising IBM and compatible computers. NetBIOS separates application programs from the networking subsystem, so that application program implementers can support multiple network designs, and so that a network system can support independently developed applications.

NetExplorer

In ZENworks Server Management, software that drives the discovery process on the management server.

NetIdentity

1. In ZENworks Desktop Management, the "client" that forms the core of the Desktop Management Agent. In addition to providing an HTTP-based authentication and session management framework, it also provides a secure area that can be used for credential caching.

2. In Desktop Management, the default certificate created on NetWare 6.x and NetWare 5.1 servers during ZENworks Desktop Management Middle Tier Server installation. NetIdentity is used for authentication purposes.

netinfo.cfg

A NetWare server executable batch file, located on the NetWare partition of the server's hard disk.

netinfo.cfg is used to store LOAD and BIND commands associated with protocol configuration if the network administrator uses the INETCFG utility to configure the protocols. If the INETCFG is not used, the LOAD and BIND commands are placed in the autoexec.ncf file.

netmask

A set of four number blocks separated by periods. Each number is normally represented as the decimal equivalent of an 8-bit binary number, which means that each number may take any value between 0 (all eight bits cleared) and 255 (all eight bits set). Every IP address consists of two parts (the network address and the host number). The netmask is used to determine the size of these two parts.

The positions of the bits that are set in the netmask are considered to represent the space reserved for the network address, while the bits that are cleared are considered to represent the space set aside for the host number.

NetStorage

Novell software that provides simple Internet-based access to file storage. It acts as a bridge between a company's protected Novell network and the Internet, giving users secure file access from any Internet location.

NetWare Administrator

A NetWare graphical utility used to create objects and to assign properties. NetWare Administrator combines all the tools necessary to administer an entire network using a single, intuitive interface.

NetWare Asynchronous Communication Services

Software from Novell that enables network managers to provide LAN users with access to shared modem pools, asynchronous minicomputer ports, and X.25 and ISDN services for communications inbound to and outbound from the network. NetWare Asynchronous Communication Services enable any workstation on the network to share either dial-up phone lines or directly connected phone lines to a host computer or other asynchronous device.

NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface

A memory-resident program that runs on a workstation, and that offers DOS and Windows communications applications network access to pooled communication resources.

NetWare Connect

In NetWare, referred to as remote access.

Novell communication software that enables remote users of Windows, Mac OS, and DOS to dial into a network and access all available resources including files, databases, Novell GroupWare applications, electronic mail, and minicomputer services. It also enables network users to dial out from the network and connect to bulletin boards, information services, and asynchronous minicomputers.

NetWare Connect Configuration

A utility that can be used instead of NIASCFG to configure and manage remote access.

NetWare Connect Services Selector

An NLM that automatically routes incoming calls to the appropriate service as part of remote access support for diverse client types. The Services Selector interfaces with AIO and monitors ports on behalf of the registered services. The Services Selector determines the appropriate destination of the incoming data and then relinquishes port control to the appropriate service. In a remote dial-in connection, the Services Selector queries the caller for the available session (that is, the network workstation) to which the caller wants to connect.

NetWare Connect Supervisor

NWCSU

An NLM that provides remote access configuration and dynamic reconfiguration support. It supports security, license checking, and network management, and it updates port status. NWCSU provides a library of functions, including security, dialback, audit trail, and alert logging.

NetWare Core Protocol

A packet-based protocol that enables a client to send requests to and receive replies from a NetWare server.

NetWare DOS Requester

The DOS client software portion of NetWare 4 and earlier. It is the connection point between local software (DOS) and network services. The DOS Requester is made up of many Virtual Loadable Module (VLM) files.

NetWare Link Services Protocol

The link state protocol used by IPX routers and servers to share information about their routes with other devices on the network. NLSP enables network managers to interconnect small or large IPX networks without routing inefficiencies.

NetWare Link/X.25

Novell implementation of X.25 for the NetWare MultiProtocol Router (MPR). The X.25 wide area networking product was replaced by NetWare WAN Links.

NetWare Loadable Module

A program that runs on the NetWare operating system. Once loaded, an NLM becomes part of the network OS. An NLM can be dynamically loaded and unloaded. Types of NLM programs include disk drivers (.dsk), LAN drivers (.lan), management utilities and server applications modules (.nlm), and name space support (.nam).

NetWare Management Agent

1. In NetWare, a group of NLM programs that provide server statistics and notify the NetWare Management System (NMS) console of alarm conditions. When installed on each server in the network, the NetWare Management Agent (NMA) allows the network administrator to monitor, manage, and maintain all servers from a central console. The NMA provides a graphical representation of all managed objects and their attributes, including a server's hardware, software, or data components.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, any one of the Novell SNMP-based agents for NetWare and Windows NT servers that provide real-time server performance data and information about server alarms and events.

Also Management Agent.

NetWare Management System Console

NMS Console

The part of NMS that discovers, monitors, and manages the network. All NMS applications use the NMS console's graphic user interface and database.
Objects used with Desktop SNMP can be managed from the NMS MIB Browser or other applications that "snap" into the NMS console.
The NMS console is an example of an SNMP management station.

NetWare MPR

NetWare MultiProtocol Router

A suite of PC-based routing products that enables network administrators to connect LANs using IPX, IP, OSI, or AppleTalk over a wide range of LAN and WAN types.

NetWare MPR provides concurrent routing of IPX, TCP/IP, AppleTalk, and SNA protocols, and source-route bridging for NetBIOS and LLC2 applications. It supports a wide range of LAN topologies and WAN connection types, including dedicated leased lines (1200 bit/s up to 2.048 Mbit/s), dial-on-demand voice-grade circuits, frame relay, X.25, ISDN, and SMDS.

NetWare MultiMedia Server

Enables multimedia streaming on a NetWare server, allowing users to play multimedia files from their workstations.

NetWare MultiProtocol Router

NetWare MPR

A suite of PC-based routing products that enables network administrators to connect LANs using IPX, IP, OSI, or AppleTalk over a wide range of LAN and WAN types.

NetWare MPR provides concurrent routing of IPX, TCP/IP, AppleTalk, and SNA protocols, and source-route bridging for NetBIOS and LLC2 applications. It supports a wide range of LAN topologies and WAN connection types, including dedicated leased lines (1200 bit/s up to 2.048 Mbit/s), dial-on-demand voice-grade circuits, frame relay, X.25, ISDN, and SMDS.

NetWare operating system

NetWare OS

The network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. NetWare runs on the server and provides functions to the network and the applications running on it, including file and record locking, security, print spooling, and interprocess communications. The NetWare operating system also determines performance, multivendor support, and reliability of the network.

NetWare partition

A partition created on each network hard disk, in which NetWare volumes are created.

See also NDS partition.

NetWare Peripheral Architecture

An extension of the NetWare Media Manager (a database built into NetWare for managing storage devices and media).

NPA separates NetWare driver support into two components: a HAM and a CDM. The HAM drives the host adapter hardware. The CDM drives storage devices or autochangers attached to a host adapter bus.

NetWare protocol

Any of the Novell Client protocols that allow clients to communicate and be understood on the network, including the following:

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IP (Internet Protocol)
IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet
Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange)
MIB (Management Information Base)
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
RPL (Remote Program Load)
SNA (System Network Architecture)
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Diagram Protocol)
XNS (Xerox Network System)

NetWare Runtime

A limited-connection version of the NetWare operating system usually shipped with standalone Novell products. NetWare Runtime is a network server platform supporting front-end or back-end applications as well as basic NLM programs such as communication services, database servers, electronic mail, and other third-party applications.

NetWare server

A computer that runs NetWare operating system software.

NetWare Server

See NetWare Server object.

NetWare Server object

A leaf object in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree that represents a server running any version of NetWare.

NetWare SET Parameters policy

In ZENworks Server Management, a plural policy that automates the use of SET parameters. This policy is contained in the Distributed Server Package.

NetWare SMP

NetWare Symmetric MultiProcessing

Novell software that allows multiprocessor-enabled NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) programs to run on a system in which all processors can perform all tasks. At runtime, an algorithm assigns tasks to each processor as necessary to balance the work load.

A symmetric multiprocessing system is the opposite of an asymmetric system, in which different processors are dedicated to different kinds of tasks.

NetWare Symmetric MultiProcessing

NetWare SMP

Novell software that allows multiprocessor-enabled NLM programs to run on a system in which all processors can perform all tasks. At runtime, an algorithm assigns tasks to each processor as necessary to balance the work load.
A symmetric multiprocessing system is the opposite of an asymmetric system, in which different processors are dedicated to different kinds of tasks.

NetWare transport

A component of NetWare software that allows network clients to communicate on the network. NetWare transports work in conjunction with NetWare protocols. A protocol manages data and a transport manages application messages. A protocol and transport can be provided by one piece of software or by many.

NetWare volume

A fixed amount of physical hard disk storage space. A NetWare volume is the highest level in the NetWare file system directory structure (on the same level as a DOS root directory).

NetWire

A Novell information service on the Internet, CompuServe, and the Microsoft Network (MSN) that provides 24-hour online access to technical, corporate, and product information, and connects users with others who use Novell products. NetWire is updated daily and features downloadable files, patches and drivers, Technical Information Documents, message boards, product lists, press releases, and a calendar of events.

network

A system of interconnected, individually controlled computers and peripherals, and the hardware and software used to connect them.

network address

The internal number assigned by the network that specifies where a device (such as a server or workstation) can be located in the network cabling system.

Network Address

Short for "Network Address property."

Network Address Translation

Novell software that translates IP addresses that are not globally unique on a private network to a globally unique public IP address. NAT allows IP hosts on a private network to access the Internet. NAT can also limit the access of hosts on the public network to resources on a private network.

network administration

The task of managing the software and hardware in a network. Network administration can include system tasks on a server, such as starting up and shutting down the system, adding and removing user accounts, backing up and restoring data, assigning addresses to devices, maintaining network data files across the network, and setting up internetwork routing. NetWare network administration includes creating and managing all Novell Directory Services (NDS) objects within an NDS tree.

network administrator

The person responsible for setting up and maintaining the network. The network administrator has the Supervisor right to create and manage objects in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree.
Generally, this means the person who has a trustee assignment to the [Root] object of the NDS tree, which would include the Supervisor rights to the entire NDS tree. However, the specific part of the NDS tree where this person has rights can vary from network to network.

network architecture

A framework that facilitates the operation, maintenance, and growth of a communications network by isolating the user and application programs from network details. Protocols and software are packaged together into a usable network architecture system that organizes functions, data formats, and procedures.

network backbone

A cabling system that connects NetWare servers and routers. The central cable handles all network traffic, which decreases packet transmission time and traffic on the network.

Network Basic Input/Output System

An application program interface typically used on local area networks made up of IBM and compatible microcomputers. NetBIOS separates application programs from the networking subsystem so that application program implementers can support multiple network designs, and so that a network system can support independently developed applications.

network board

A circuit board that provides the interface between software and hardware in order to facilitate network communication. For example, it allows workstations to communicate with each other or with the server, or allows a printer to communicate with the server. Most network boards are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and media, although some can serve multiple networks.

"Network board" is the preferred term in NetWare documentation. Documentation from other companies might use the terms "network interface card," "NIC," or "network card" instead. Synonymous terms include "network interface controller" and "LAN adapter."

network card

See Network board.

network communication

Data transmission between workstations. Requests for services and data pass from one workstation to another through a communication medium such as cabling.

Network Control Program

In Systems Network Architecture (SNA), the network control program that does the routing and addressing of SNA devices.

Network Control Protocol

The protocol that provides procedures for establishing, configuring, and terminating interaction between peers over a PPP link. For example, Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) is the Network Control Protocol (NCP) for TCP/IP.

network direct printer

A printer and third-party print queue server that connect directly to the network.

network drive

A common name for a logical drive.

network drive mapping

Network drive mappings point to volumes and directories on the network. Normally, drives F: through Z: are used for network mappings. Each user can map drive letters to different directories.

To create a network drive mapping, use the MAP command, the NETUSER text utility, or the NetWare User Tools graphical utility.

Network File System

A distributed file system developed by Sun Microsystems that allows a set of computers to access each other's files cooperatively and transparently.

Network Information Service

A centralized user administration system in networks. Usernames and passwords can be managed networkwide by NIS.

Network Information Services

A centralized database that stores user, group, host, hostgroup, and mapping information. It is similar to DNS.

As an Internet service, NIS is designed to simplify the duties of the network administrator of a workgroup, allowing the administrator to maintain IP addresses for a group of computers in a single database. It provides host names to address translations on IP networks. It also provides information about users and groups.

Network Information Services

A centralized database that stores user, group, host, hostgroup, and mapping information. It is similar to DNS. As an Internet service, NIS is designed to simplify the duties of the network administrator of a workgroup, allowing the administrator to maintain IP addresses for a group of computers in a single database. It provides host names to address translations on IP networks. It also provides information about users and groups.

network interface

1. The physical connection between a network board and the network.

2. Information that allows client applications to locate the server and the host. The network interface for a virtual server consists of a port number and one or more Internet protocol (IP) addresses. Each virtual server and virtual host must be configured to have a unique network interface.

3. A category in the Internetworking Configuration utility (INETCFG) where network interfaces are configured.

network interface card

network layer

The third of seven layers in the OSI Reference Model. The network layer ensures that information arrives at its intended destination. It also smooths out the differences between network media so that higher layers do not need to account for the distinctions.

network management

The process of ensuring reliability and availability of a network, as well as timely transmission and routing of data. Network management can be performed by dedicated devices or programmed general-purpose devices.

network monitoring

A network management function that constantly checks the network and reports any problems.

network name

The symbolic identifier by which the network refers to a network addressable unit (NAU), a link station, or both.

network node

1. A personal computer or other device connected to a network by a network board and a communication medium. A network node can be a server, workstation, router, printer, or fax machine.

2. A type 2.1 node that offers full Systems Network Architecture (SNA) end-user services. A network node also provides intermediate routing services within an advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) network and network services to its local logical units and those in any client end nodes for which it is a network node server. A network node can also attach to a subarea network as a peripheral device.

network number

1. In an IPX network, a number that uniquely identifies a network cable segment; usually referred to as the IPX external network number.

2. In a TCP/IP network, the number of the network. The network number can be specified with or without trailing zeros. For example, the addresses 130.57 and 130.57.0.0 denote the same IP network.

3. In an AppleTalk network, a decimal integer between 1 and 65,279 assigned to each nonextended network supporting AppleTalk.

network numbering

In an IPX network, the system of numbers that identify servers, network boards, and cable segments. These network numbers include the IPX external network number, IPX internal network number, and node number.

network printer

A printer shared in a network environment.

network range

In an AppleTalk network, a contiguous range of decimal integers between 1 and 65,279 assigned to each extended network that supports AppleTalk. For example, a network range might be 1 through 10.

network supervisor

Usually called "network administrator."

The person responsible for setting up and maintaining the network. The network administrator has the Supervisor right to create and manage objects in the Novell Directory Services (NDS) tree.
Generally, this means the person who has a trustee assignment to the [Root] object of the NDS tree, which would include the Supervisor rights to the entire NDS tree. However, the specific part of the NDS tree where this person has rights can vary from network to network.

Network Support Encyclopedia Professional Volume

A comprehensive CD-ROM information base that contains the technical information necessary to help install, maintain, and troubleshoot a NetWare network and network applications. The NSEPro includes the following:

Support information for all Novell products
Downloadable files, patches, and drivers
Novell Technical Information Documents (TIDs)
Novell Labs certification bulletins
Product documentation
Novell Application Notes
GroupWare Professionals Guide

Network Time Protocol

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. NTP uses UDP as its transport layer. It is designed particularly to resist the effects of variable latency.

Network Time Protocol time consumer

NTP time consumer

A server that recognizes the Network Time Provider (NTP) protocol and seeks time synchronization from an NTP time provider.

Network Time Protocol time provider

NTP time provider

A server that recognizes the NTP protocol and provides NTP time to other servers or workstations on the network.

network topology

The arrangement of nodes on a network; usually a star, ring, tree, or bus organization.

network traffic

The transmission load carried by network connections (channels).

network-attached printer

A printer available to all users on a network.

Network-Network Interface

The way a frame relay network interconnects so that users subscribing to different frame relay network providers can communicate.

NETX

NETX.VLM

A Virtual Loadable Module (VLM) under NetWare DOS Requester that provides backward compatibility with NETX and other older versions of the NetWare shell.

news server

An Internet server that hosts discussion groups.

newsfeed

Within Internet discussion groups, synonymous with replication. Newsfeed is the term used by the Usenet community.

newsreader

Software that can access and read messages stored on a news server.

NFS

Network File System

A distributed file system developed by Sun Microsystems that allows a set of computers to access each other's files cooperatively in a transparent manner.

NIC

1. Network Information Center: Located at SRI International, the central authority that assigns all Internet addresses.

2. network interface card: A circuit board that provides the interface between software and hardware in order to facilitate network communication. For example, it allows workstations to communicate with each other or with the server, or allows a printer to communicate with the server. Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and media, although some can serve multiple networks. "Network board" is the preferred term in NetWare documentation.

NICI

Novell International Cryptographic Infrastructure

Encryption modules that form the basis of security services offered in NetWare. These modules enable NetWare users to implement 128-bit (and stronger) network encryption.

NIS

Network Information Services

A centralized database that stores user, group, host, hostgroup, and mapping information. It is similar to DNS. As an Internet service, NIS is designed to simplify the duties of the network administrator of a workgroup, allowing the administrator to maintain IP addresses for a group of computers in a single database. It provides host names to address translations on IP networks. It also provides information about users and groups.

NLM

NetWare Loadable Module

A program that runs on the NetWare operating system. Once loaded, an NLM becomes part of the network OS. An NLM can be dynamically loaded and unloaded. Types of NLM programs include disk drivers (.dsk), LAN drivers (.lan), management utilities and server applications modules (.nlm), and name space support (.nam).

NLSP

NetWare Link Services Protocol

The link state protocol used by IPX routers and servers to share information about their routes with other devices on the network. NLSP enables network managers to interconnect small or large IPX networks without routing inefficiencies.

NMA

NetWare Management Agent

1. In NetWare, a group of NLM programs that provide server statistics and notify the NetWare Management System (NMS) console of alarm conditions. When installed on each server in the network, the NetWare Management Agent (NMA) allows the network administrator to monitor, manage, and maintain all servers from a central console. The NMA provides a graphical representation of all managed objects and their attributes, including a server's hardware, software, or data components.

2. In ZENworks Server Management, any one of the Novell SNMP-based agents for NetWare and Windows NT servers that provide real-time server performance data and information about server alarms and events.

Also Management Agent.

NMAS

Novell Modular Authentication Service

A flexible and expandable login framework that provides developers the ability to integrate multiple authentication services using eDirectory systems.
NMAS works with the Graded Authentication.

NMAS Client Manager

An interface for other applications' transports to perform login sessions. NetWare Client 32 invokes the NMAS Client Manager after the Login Screen is completed.

NMAS Server Manager

Responsible for creating an NMAS session for the current session, receiving MAF requests for login and authentication, invoking the Login Method, and returning the status of the login process.

NMASMon

A NetWare NLM that provides a way to get trace information from NMAS, similar to using NMASMON.

NMS Console

NetWare Management Station Console

The part of NMS that discovers, monitors, and manages the network. All NMS applications use the NMS console's graphic user interface and database.
The NMS console is an example of an SNMP management station.

NN

network node

A type 2.1 node that offers full Systems Network Architecture (SNA) end-user services. NN also provides intermediate routing services within an advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) network and network services to its local logical units and those in any client end nodes for which it is a network node server. NN can also attach to a subarea network as a peripheral device.

NNI

1. Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut

2. Network Node Interface: Used in ATM, provides 4096 virtual paths and 65,536 virtual connections within each path--equals